LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES

PART 2: EARTHQUAKES

WE CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITH A FLAWED PREMISE:

KNOWLEDGE FROM EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS, WHICH OCCUR

ANNUALLY ON A GLOBAL SCALE, IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY NATION SUSCEPTIBLE TO EARTHQUAKES

ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT WILL FACILITATE ITS OWN

DISASTER RESILIENCE

FACT: IT USUALLY TAKES MULTIPLE EARTHQUAKE

DISASTERS BEFORE A STRICKEN NATION WILL ADOPT AND

IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT MOVE IT TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE

DISASTER RESILIENCE

FACT: MOST UNAFFECTED NATIONS DON’T EVEN TRY TO LEARN ANYTHING NEW

FROM ANOTHER NATION’S EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS AND

CERTAINLY DON’T CONSIDER THEM TO BE A BASIS FOR CHANGING

EXISTING POLICIES

EXAMPLES OF PAST EARTHQUAKE DISASTER

LABORATORIES

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

• CIRCUM-PACIFIC NATIONS ARE PRONE TO EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS

OTHER EARTHQUAKE- PRONE LOCATIONS

TECTONIC DEFORMATION

EARTHQUAKE

TSUNAMI

GROUNDSHAKING

FAULT RUPTURE

FOUNDATION FAILURE

SITE AMPLIFICATION

LIQUEFACTION

LANDSLIDES

AFTERSHOCKS

SEICHE

DAMAGE/LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/LOSS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

GLOBAL “DISASTER

LABORATORIES”

EXAMPLE: 240,000 DEAD AFTER “BULLS-EYE” EARTHQUAKE

• TANGSHAN, CHINA (1976) EARTHQUAKE: The impossible situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

EXAMPLE: 230,000 DEAD AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI

• INDONESIA (2004): The impossible situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

EXAMPLE: 88,000 DEAD AS RESULT OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS

• CHINA (MAY 2008): • The impossible

situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

EXAMPLE: 220,000 DEAD AS RESULT OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS

• HAITI (2010): • The impossible

situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

EXAMPLE: 30,000 DEAD AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI

• JAPAN (2011): • The impossible

situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

EXAMPLE: SEARCH AND RESCUE OF SURVIVORS IN COLLAPSED BLDGS.

• TURKEY (1999) KOCALEI EARTH-QUAKE):

• Timely responses during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

BOUMERDES, ALGERIA; 2,226 DEAD (MAY 21, 2003)

EXAMPLE: GUJARAT, INDIA 20,800 DEAD (JAN 26, 2001)

EL ASNAM, ALGERIA; 3,500 DEAD (OCT. 10, 1980)

EXAMPLE: DAMAGE TO ESSENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE– A SCHOOL

• ALASKA (1964): Timely search and rescue during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: DAMAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI

• ALASKA (1964): • Timely responses

during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: LIQUEFACTION DESTROYED OVER 1,000 BUILDINGS

• NIIGATA, JAPAN (1964):

• Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: COLLAPSE OF HIGH-RISE APARTMENT BUILDINGS

• MEXICO CITY AFTER 1985 EARTHQUAKE: Timely responses during a forty-eight hour and thirty day “race against time” save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF ELEVATED HIGHWAY; DEATHS

• LOMA PRIETO, CA (1989):

• Timely responses during a forty-eight hour and thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION

• LOMA PRIETA, CA EARTHQUAKE (1989):

• Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF ELEVATED EXPRESSWAY

• NORTHRIDGE, CA (1994):

• Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF ELEVATED EXPRESSWAY (NO DEATHS)

• KOBE, JAPAN (1995): “The forty-eight hour and thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property.

EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION FROM 600 FIRES

• KOBE, JAPAN (1995): “The race against time” to save lives and protect property.

EXAMPLE: HAZ-MAT RELEASE AND FIRE AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI

• ALASKA (1964): Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: RADIATION RELEASE FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

• JAPAN (2011): Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: SEARCH AND RESCUE TO SAVE TRAPPED SURVIVORS

• CHINA (2013):• Timely responses

during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES AFTER EARTHQUAKE

• CHINA (2008): Timely responses during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: EMERGENCY MEDICAL

• CHINA (2008): • Timely responses

during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE

• PAKISTAN (2005): Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: MASS CARE OF SUR- VIVORS AFTER QUAKE AND TSUNAMI

• CHILE EARTHQUAKE: “The race against time” to save lives and protect property starts immediately.

EXAMPLE: A TENT CITY FOR SURVIVORS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

• HAITI (2010): Timely temporary housing during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

EXAMPLE: SURPRISE! DEBRIS FROM JAPAN’S TSUNAMI NOW IN USA

• SENDAI, JAPAN AFTER THE MARCH 2011 EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI: What will happen to the radioactive debris?

EXAMPLE: TAKING CARE OF THE DEAD KILLED IN NON-ENGINEERED BLDGS.

• IRPINIA, ITALY EARTHQUAKE (1980):

• Timely responses during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

LESSON: THE KNOWLEDGE AND TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL

• The people who know: 1) what to expect (e.g., strong ground motion, oil effects, tsunami wave run up, ground failure), 2) where and when they will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare for them will survive.

LESSON: TIMELY, REALISTIC DISASTER SCENARIOS SAVE LIVES

• The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of vulnerabilities, and hence the risks associated with strong ground shaking, tsunami wave run up, and ground failure will survive.

LESSON: EMERGENCY RESPONSE SAVES LIVES

• The “Uncontrollable and Unthinkable” events will always hinder the timing of emergency response operations, especially the search and rescue operations that are limited to “the golden 48 hours.”

LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES

• The local community’s capacity for emergency health care (i,e., coping with damaged hospitals and medical facilities, lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality) is vital for survival.

LESSON: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERED BUILDINGS SAVE LIVES

• Buildings engineered to withstand the risks from an earthquake’s strong ground shaking and ground failure that cause damage, collapse, and loss of function, is vital for protecting occupants and users from death and injury.

LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ALWAYS PROVIDES AID

• The International Community provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure earthquake disaster resilience.

FACTMOST OF THE 200 + NATIONS

NEED EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE POLICIES THAT ARE BASED ON LESSONS LEARNED

FROM PAST EARTHQUAKE DISASTER LABORATORIES

YOUR COMMUNITY

DATA BASES AND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• MONITORING• HAZARD MAPS• INVENTORY• VULNERABILITY• LOCATION

RISKACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE

• PREPAREDNESS• PROTECTION• EM RESPONSE• RECOSTRUCTION AND

RECOVERY

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

PILLARS OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

PreparednessAdoption and Implementation of a Modern Earthquake Engineering Building Code Realistic Earthquake Disaster ScenariosTimely Emergency Response (including

Emergency Medical Services)Cost-Effective Reconstruction & Recovery

THE CHALLENGE:

POLICY CHANGES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

AN UNDER-UTILIZED GLOBAL STRATEGY

To Create Turning Points for Earthquake Disaster Resilience

USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER

AND ACCELERATE POLICY CHANGES

MOVING TOWARDS THE MUST-HAPPEN GLOBAL STRATEGY

To Achieve Earthquake Disaster Resilience

INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL

SOLUTIONS IN EVERY NATION FOR REALISTIC POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS,

PROTECTION, DISASTER SCENARIOS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE,

RECONSTRUCTION, AND RECOVERY