MIDTERM REVIEWAP WORLD HISTORY 10

Smithtown High School West

Period III600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.

Rebuilding of Classical Civilizations and the birth of Islam

Rise of IslamI. Beginnings of Islam

• 610 C.E. – Mohammad in Mecca begins to preach monotheism, seen as a threat, flees to Medina in 622 C.E. - the ____________________

• Mohammed and the Muslims conquer Mecca in 630 C.E. – soon almost all of Arabia under Muslim control

II. Beliefs of Islam

• Holy book – _____________

• Five Pillars of Faith:

1. ________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________3. ________________________________________4. ________________________________________5. ________________________________________

Hijra – Hajj (pilgimage)

Qur’an/Koran

Faith – there is one god and that god is Allah

Prayer – 5x a day facing Mecca

Fasting – during RamadanPilgrimage – Hajj to Mecca at least once

Alms – Give to charity, help the poor

Islam spread in ____________________________________

III.

Middle East, Northern Africa, South Asia

Missionary Efforts Islam

Islam spread through two main avenues: military conquest, and trade and missionary

activity. Through military conquest and political influence, the religion spread

because of its tolerance for other beliefs and a special tax (jizya) levied against

infidels.

Through trade and missionary activity, the religion spread because of its simple message of what to do and what not to do. Plus, lower-class individuals

welcomed their inclusion as spiritual equals as well as Islam’s influence on charity.

Islam DividedIV. Sects

• After Mohammed’s death, successors –________ (theocratic)

• Shia/Sunni Split

• Shia believe caliph must be __________________________

caliphs

a descendant of Mohammed

V. Empires

• The Umayyads

• Sunni, capital at Damascus, codified Islamic law

• The Abbasids

• Shia overthrew the Umayyads in 750 C.E.

• Concentrated in Persia and Baghdad

• Continued to spread and consolidate – efficient regional gov’t.

• Great accomplishments in the fields of math, astronomy, medicine…

Islamic TradeVI. Islamic Trade

• Traded with China and India

• Navigated Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf

• Used compass, lateen sail, astrolabe

• Abbasids traded w/ Vikings and Russians via routes in Southern

and Eastern Europe

• Camel caravans crossed desert to trade w/ West Africa for ___________________

gold, salt, and slaves

West Africa: Ghana and Mali• Ghana (500-1200)

– Commercially based empire. Center of trade in gold from the south.

– Controlled and secured trade routes.

– Also traded in ivory, slaves, horses, cloth, salt.

– Conversion by emperors to Islam improved diplomatic and economic relations between West Africa and the Islamic World.

• Mali (1235–1350)– Controlled and taxed gold salt trade.

– Timbuktu became economic, Islamic, and scholarly focal point of Kingdom.

– Mansa Musa: The Hajj

– Ibn Battuta: The Traveler.

– Absorbed into Songhai.

Mosque @ Timbuktu

Musa’s Hajj

Christianity in North and East Africa

Church of St. George, Lalibela complex, Ethiopia

Many Africans in the northern part of the continent converted to Islam after 700 CE, yet there remained a significant Christian tradition in

Egypt and Ethiopia. It is believed that St. Mark preached to the East Africans during the Roman period. Ethiopia evolved into a nation with

strong Christian traditions.

CHINAI. Tang Dynasty (618-907 C.E.)

• Expanded territory to _______________

• Developed network of roads to bind empire together and Grand Canal

• Invention of gunpowder

• Buddhism gained acceptance

• Confucian meritocracy – civil service exam

• Decline – _____________________________

Korea and Tibet

high taxation, peasant rebellions

CHINAII. Song Dynasty (960 – 1279 C.E.)

- Silk Road – connected to outside world – ran through Central Asia and to Middle East and beyond

- Trade with Southern Asia and Africa through port of Guangzhou

- Achievements – _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

- Urbanization

- Confucian

- Decline – military threats from the north (Mongols invaded in 1200s)

Astronomy, 1st use of compass, clock, moveable type, landscape painting)

CHINAII. Mongol Rule (1278-1368 C.E.)

• Warrior horsemen from northern steppes of Asia

• Created the largest single land empire in human history

• Genghis Khan (leader)

• Kublai Khan (grandson) – conquered Song China

• Established ____________ until 1369

• Failed to invade Japan

• Pax Mongolia – Mongol rule united two continents and allowed trade and contact

• Decline – ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yuan Dynasty

not able administrators, empire too large to manage, rivalry among successors, overspending led to inflation

CHINA

II. Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 C.E.)

• Defeated the Mongols, use of civil service exam, re-elevation of scholar-gentry, neo-Confucianism

JAPAN

• Shinto and borrowing of culture from China (Buddhism from China and Korea)

• Internal power struggles led to decision to move capital to Heian (Kyoto) in 790s

•Heian Period – (794-1185 C.E.)

•“classical” era, peace, isolation of emperor, literature

• Fujiwara clan – changing leadership, new clan, cont’d peace and literature, more uniquely Japanese and less borrowing

•Kamakura Shogunate – Minamoto clan won civil war

• feudalism, decentralized power under military leader (shogun). Each domain controlled by daimyo. Solidified power of warrior class, samurai and bushido code

• Ashikaga Shogunate 1333 C.E. – daimyo gained more authority, wealthy class emerged as trade with China increased, rituals unique to Japan (tea ceremony, Noh theatre, haiku)

South AsiaIndia -

• Gupta Empire collapsed in 550 C.E., until 1000 C.E. - disunity

• 1022 C.E. Muslim armies conquer Northern India

• 1206 Muslim generals establish the ______________

• Introduce Islam to India

• Collapsed in 1520s – invaders from North

Delhi Sultanate

Byzantine Empire• Off-shoot of the Roman Empire - “Eastern Roman Empire.”• Centralized State: Hereditary Monarchy. (Emperor Justinian, r. 527-565) • Replaced Latin with Greek as official language. • Constantinople was center for Silk Road imports and exports• Eastern Orthodox Church emerged. • Eastern Orthodoxy later spread to Russia and the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe.

Nomadic Empires: The Vikings (c. 800-1100)• Nomadic group from Scandinavia• Conducted seasonal raids to supplement farm production• Ransacked towns and villages across Europe• Use of small maneuverable boats combined with ruthlessness in battle facilitated their success.

• Explored north Atlantic Ocean, inc. Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland Canada, and Northeast coast of U.S (c.1000).• Established settlements in Scotland, Northern France, and Eastern Europe.• Overtime, the Vikings adopted Christianity and were absorbed into the larger European feudal order (William the Conqueror).

Early Russia• Vikings colonized Eastern Europe, area populated by Slavic peoples

• First king of Kiev, Dane named Rurik

• Traded with Byzantium, Prince Vladimir converted to Eastern Orthodox

• Decline – Mongols conquered

Medieval Europe (Western Europe)

Political Developments

Feudalism prevailed.

Weak central authority meant that lords and vassals ruled locally through feudal obligations to the upper lords and king.

The Catholic Church was single strongest unifying factor across Western Europe during this period.

Economic Developments

Serfdom and the manor system prevailed.

Serfs were obligated to give a percentage of their crops to the lord in exchange for a plot of land and protection.

Manors operated as self-sufficient communities and a lack of food surpluses resulted in most of the population being tied to agriculture.

The Crusades, 1095 - 1204

• The Crusades were a series of Christian holy wars conducted against “infidels” in the holy land of Palestine.

• Pope Urban II launched the Crusades in 1095 when he called for Christians to take up arms and seize the Holy Land.

Results:- quest for the Holy Land was a failure- encouraged trade with Muslim merchants and created an increase in European demand for Asian goods. - Italian merchants (capitalizing on the weakened condition of Constantinople) greatly profited.- new merchant class emerges

BLACK DEATH (1340s to late 1600s)

Results:- population decreased significantly, causing labor shortages - In W. Europe, workers demanded higher wages and peasants rebelled, leading to a decrease in serfdom and a weakening of the feudal system - Anti-Semitism also increased as Jews, used as scapegoats were accused of poisoning the wells. - Some Christians, questioned their faith amid all of the death and seemingly senseless destruction.

Deadly disease that was thought to be carried from Asia on ships

MesoAmerican CivilizationsMaya (c. 300 to 900)

Borrowing from Olmec traditions, the Mayans developed large domain and lived in scattered settlements

on the Yucatan peninsula in southeastern Mexico. Archaeologist have discovered the following features of their regional culture:

An agricultural economy – slash and burn

Lack of large domesticated animals for labor

A ritualistic polytheism

Urban areas with thousands of people

Independent city-states, linked by trade

A staple diet of maize (corn) and beans

Aztec (c. 1400 to 1521)Mesoamerican Civilizations

Also known as the Mexica people, the Aztecs were the last great Mesoamerican culture before the arrival of the Europeans. Taking advantage of the Toltecs decline, the Aztecs used their fighting skills to take control off the Lake Texcoco region. The Aztec culture was characterized by:

A militant warrior tradition to subdue tributary city-states. Present day central Mexico.

Rule by severe despots

A priestly class to oversee rituals, including human sacrifice

A ritualistic polytheistic religion with an extensive pantheon

A large urban capital, Tenochtitlan, with 150,000 inhabitants built on an island in Lake Texcoco

A decentralized network of city-states that paid tribute.

Aztecs fell due to contact with the Spanish (Cortes). Warfare and disease played major roles in the extinction of the Aztec people.

Inca (c. 1400 to 1540)

Mesoamerican Civilizations

In the South American highlands, clans developed an Andean culture which led to the rise of an empire in the 1300s CE. These people-the Incas-conquered a large area and absorbed many tribes in central-western South America. In 90 years, the Incan empire grew into a stretch of land that covered over 3,000 miles from north to south. History remembers the Inca for:

Centralized empire with its capital at Cuzco (present day Peru)

An extensive irrigated agricultural economy that adapted to the rugged terrain of the Andes Mts. by building terraces for farming and extensive network of roads

Polytheistic religion: Sun worship

Patriarchal society

Privileged class of nobles, headed by a king, in which royal ancestors were revered and worshipped

No written language. Used quipu, a system of colored, knotted ropes to keep records.

Fell to the Spanish conquistador, Pizarro

Do You Know Your Stuff?Using the regions below, explain how each exemplifies

the ‘Big Picture’ themes of the time period.

China - Japan - Western Europe - Africa - Americas - Eastern Europe – Southeast Asia

Middle East

Dominance of World Religions

Increased Trade and Movement

Rise and Spread of Islam

Rebuilding of Declining Empires

Development of Other Civilizations

Centralized versus Decentralized Empires

Golden Age of Nomads

COMPARISONSBe able to compare –

Japanese and European feudalism

Developments in political and social institutions in both eastern and western Europe

The role and function of cities in major societies

Islam and Christianity

Gender systems and changes, such as the impact of Islam

Aztec Empire and Inca Empire

European and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic world