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CHAPTER 1 What is Personality?
DEFINITION Personality:
Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual.
What it means…Refers to an individual’s characteristic
patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms (hidden or not) behind those patterns
Even though we share similarities as humans, each person is unique - that uniqueness is your personality!
HOW DO WE STUDY PERSONALITY? Humans are incredibly complex and
multifaceted, we can’t study everything at once…thus… We try to limit what we look at by searching for
specific patterns using a basic approach or theory
Six Theories/Approaches: Psychoanalytical, Trait, Biological, Humanist, Behavioral/Social Learning, and Cognitive (Note: Not all textbooks in Personality Theories organize the approaches in this manner – although this is a common differentiation)
Each theory/approach is a systematic, self-imposed limitation of studying personality
Each theory/approach correctly identifies and examines an important aspect of human personality
SIX THEORIES/APPROACHES: Psychoanalytical Approach Trait Approach Biological approach Humanistic Approach Behavioral/Social Learning Approach Cognitive Approach
Let’s take a basic look at these approaches using an individual who is outgoing and try to explain why this person is outgoing…
PSYCHOANALYTICAL APPROACH This approach looks at the workings of
the unconscious mind and the nature and resolution of internal mental conflict
Example: This person is outgoing to please their inner voice (they may not be aware of this). Their inner voice developed in relation to their early life experience and society.
TRAIT APPROACH This approach focuses on the way
people differ from each other and how these differences can be conceptualized and measured as personality characteristics
Example: We would look at the behavior of this person and describe their outgoing personality as extroverted - as compared with introverted.
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH This approach tries to understand
personality in terms of the body such as anatomy, chemistry, physiology, genetic inheritance, the brain, and shared evolutionary characteristics
Example: Our person genetically inherited their outgoing personality, in other words, they were born with an outgoing personality.
HUMANISTIC APPROACH This approach explores the individual’s
conscious experience with the world, the ways people have free will strive for self-acceptance
Example: Our person has decided to be outgoing because it will help me be the person I want to be.
BEHAVIORIST/SOCIAL LEARNING The ways in which people change as a
result of experience (the rewards and punishments or consequences they encounter) and how the social environment influences personality
Example: Our person has been rewarded for being outgoing and has learned to be outgoing from the observation of other outgoing people.
COGNITIVE How the cognitive processes of
perception, memory and thought affect behavior and personality
Example: Our person has a perception of him/herself as an outgoing person.
CULTURE AND PERSONALITY Cross-Cultural Psychology
This area of personality psychology reminds us that the experience of reality varies across cultures
Most research about personality has been completed in western, individualistic cultures
This research may not be applicable to people from other cultures
INDIVIDUALISTIC AND COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES Differences in Individualistic and Collectivistic
Cultures:
Individualistic Emphasis Collectivistic EmphasisIndividual needs Group needsIndividual achievements Group achievementsCompetition Cooperation
Example: How do we measure achievement?
Individualistic CollectivisticIndividual success Group successPersonal recognition Group (not personal)
recognition
THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY Theory
Comprehensive model of how personality is structured
Application Apply knowledge gained from theory and research
to issues that directly affect people’s lives Assessment
Ways to measure personality (get ready – you will be taking a lot of personality tests this quarter!) specific to each theoretical approach
Research Theoretically generated research leading to new
questions and more research in order to further define and refine a theory
SOME IDEAS TO CONSIDER… Here are a few of the big ideas in
personality that each theoretical approach must address: Nature or nurture…or both?
Is your personality a product of your heredity or shaped by the environment you grew up in…or a combination of both?
Conscious or unconscious determinants of behavior? To what extent are you aware of your behavior and
why you do the thing you do? Free will or determinism?
Do you decide your own fate or is your behavior subject to forces outside of your control?