EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGYGENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ, CAVITE

Course Title:ADVANCE FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

Course Content: Moral Foundation of Education

Topic: *Philosophers, Theologians and Educators whose

Principles and Dogmas Served as Bases of Moral Standard

of Human Conduct

Presented To: Dr. Agnes N. Coo

Presented By: Cherrylagne A. Ambagan - MAEd-

AS

INTRODUCTION The dichotomy between the rightness and wrongness of human actions have been prevailing for a long period of time. Cultural biases and religious adherence find their way to justify their actions

This topic will let us understand the moral actions as fundamental foundation of all human endeavors, especially in the learning process in which an individual becomes knowledgeable

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

The word moral is derived from the Latin mos that denotes manner or custom. Hence, morality is the rightness or wrongness of any specific actions as judged by accepted moral standard.

PHILOSOPHERS, THEOLOGIANS AND EDUCATORS WHOSE PRINCIPLES AND DOGMAS SERVED AS BASES OF MORAL STANDARD OF HUMAN CONDUCT

PYTHAGORAS (582-500 BC) A Greek philosopher and mathematician Believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way in life is devoted to mental discipline.

K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS (551-479 BC) A Chinese philosopher, believed that the only remedy

toward the present disorder and lack of moral standards is to covert people once more to the principles and precepts of antiquity

Five virtues of human actions *kindness- consideration and caring for others *uprightness – behaves according to religious or moral

code *decorum- person does the right thing *wisdom- knowledge and experience *faithfulness- attitude of an individual,trustworthy and

loyal

GAUTAMA BUDDHA (563-483 BC) An Indian philosopher, founder of

Buddhism Believed that human actions lead to

rebirth, wherein good deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds are punished

Admonishes to think for themselves and take responsibility for their own future

Strongly advocated a life devoted to universal compassion and brotherhood

Buddhist ethics is “Nirvana” –all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that can be reached through transcendental meditation

SOCRATES (469-399 BC) A Greek philosopher Great teacher of ethics in his time who argued that virtue is knowledge

Believed that virtue is good both for the individual and society

ANTHISTHENES (444-371 BC) A Greek philosopher who maintained that

the essence of virtue is self-control and that its is capable of being taught

Believed that happiness was dependent on moral virtue

According to him there are two kinds of good:

*external good- consist of personal property, sensual pleasure, and other luxuries

*internal good- comprises of truth, and knowledge of the soul

PLATO (428-347 BC) A Greek philosopher who argued that

good is an essential element of reality.

Evil doesn’t exist in itself but an imperfect reflection of the real, which is good.

Three elements of human soul:intellect(wisdom)will (courage)

emotion (self-control).

ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) A Greek philosopher and

contemporary rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and influence that happiness is the goal of every human being

The ultimate goal of man is to develop his reasoning powers. It includes the happiness, moral virtues, and principles of modernization. Intellectual and moral virtues are means towards the attainment of happiness.

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS (371-289 BC) A Chinese philosopher Believed that people are by nature good

but this goodness manifests only when they experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on material security.

The ruler provide welfare for the people in two things: material conditions and moral guidance

He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC) A Greek philosopher who asserted that humans are limited and irrational beings and God is only the perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC) A Greek philosopher who argued that in order to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity. Good life must be regulated by self-discipline

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94-C 55 BC)

A Roman poet and philosopher who observed that the main cause of human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods

Substantiated that gods do exist but have nothing to do with man’s affair and destiny

Taught that man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29) A Jewish preacher, emphasized on

moral sincerity rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of the law

Advocated ethical purity and complete devotion to God

Taught that people should give up everything in order to obtain the most precious

Condemned hypocrisy, social injustices, and defilement od God’s temple.

SAINT AUGUSTINE OF TAGASTE (354-430 AD)

A Christian theologian and Doctor of the Church

Asserted that God did not deprive people of their free will even when they turned to sin and human body would rise after death and transform into newness of spiritual body.

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) Founder of Islam and Muslim

community who believed that each person would be held accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) An Italian philosopher and

theologian, maintained that individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition, but acts in concrete performance.

They will be evaluated to be either morally good or morally evil.

BARUCH ESPINOSA (1632-1677) A Dutch philosopher and religious thinker who

asserted that all things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity. Human needs and interest determine what is considered good and evil.

DAVID HUME (1711-1776) A Scottish historian and philosopher,

postulated that the concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one’s own happiness.

His moral system aims at the happiness of others and of himself.

Gave emphasis in altruism or sympathy with one’s fellow.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) A German philosopher who held that

reason is the final authority of morality. The morality of an act must be judged

by its intention, which is good. JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

A British philosopher, economist, and jurist who maintained that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.

Man lives in order to be happy

GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICHHEGEL(1770-1831)

A German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a matter of individual conscience.

The author of good and bad action is man himself. FREIDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE

(1844-1900) A German philosopher who contented

that traditional values represented a slave morality.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-

1855) A Danish religious philosopher who argued that the ethical way of life involves an intense, passionate commitment to duty, unconditional social, and religious obligations.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) An Australian psychoanalyst who

observed that the problem of good and evil in each individual is to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self and necessity of the social self.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952) An American philosopher, psychologist

and educator who maintained that the good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequences of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE (1873-1958)

A British philosopher who claimed that good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) A German existentialist philosopher

who maintained that human beings are alone in the universe, since God does not exist, and must make their ethical decisions with constant awareness of death and meaningless of life.

JEAN PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980) A French existentialist philosopher

who contented that human create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions.

The principles and thinking of Filipinos toward right and wrong or good and bad were brought into being through a long chained process of colonialism.

SUMMARY:Moral standard for human conduct was

based from tested principles, philosophies, and dogmas of different thinkers, philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity. They presented to get sufficient knowledge about the principles of right and wrong. The principles and thinking of the Filipinos toward good and bad were brought into being through a long and chained process of colonialism.

EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGYGENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ, CAVITE

Course Title: ADVANCE FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

Course Content: Moral Foundation of Education

Topic: Freedom and Responsibility

Presented To: Dr. Agnes N. Coo

Presented By: Cherrylagne A. Ambagan - MAEd-AS

INTRODUCTION:

FREEDOMAND

RESPONSIBILITY

Freedom is a primordial gift of God to men and other creatures. The human acts does not make any license to justify action that curtails the liberty from one another. It implies limitations but such restrictions denotes responsibility for all actions. Thus, every human act should be willfully executed.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

FREEDOM

Taken from the Latin word Liber (Liberatas), which means FREE.

Right of an individual to think, act, or lives as individual chooses without being subjected to any restraints and restrictions by necessity or force.

RESPONSIBILITY

Borrowed from the Latin word Respondere which means GIVE BACK IN RETURN.

An act of any individual taking a stand in being accountable to himself, to somebody or something.

freedom &

responsibility

“Freedom” is one of the most contested terms in the lexicon of Western philosophy. It is a person’s ability to think or act in a way that is unhindered, or that expresses a source of activity proper to her. But the freedom can be conceived in a variety of ways: right that others are obliged to recognize; a capacity that entails a person’s “responsibility” for her actions; or a distinctive form of perfection that marks a person as possessing a superlative degree of independence of thought or action.

In other words, freedom is coupled with responsibility in which an individual acts in certain situations.

Man has a right to choose which action he wants to perform and he is responsible to any results of such performance that may affect him, others, the society and the environment.

THREE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS

OFFREEDOM

ANDRESPONSIBILITY

A. To Oneself Christian traditions scriptures to HIS

image and likeness (Gen. 1:26,2:7). Man has the duty to know himself better, to

know his weaknesses and strengths so that he can move forward according to his capacity.

Man is responsible for his health in order to serve others better.

Learning is a great responsibility of every student inside and outside the campus.

Student is obliged to learn satisfactorily for his future and the future of the nation as well.

B.To Others Man leaves in a community of

persons in which every member has its own aspirations and principle.

Both gender need each other to procreate and populate the earth as God mandate them to be fruitful and fill the earth as HIS creator (Gen. 1:28).

C.To the Environment Man lives in a place where

animals and plants are grouped to form an ecosystem.

Man is the only steward of God’s creation since he is the only animal that rationalizes and decides.

The environment has to be taken care of, since people continue to dwell on it.

SUMMARY

Freedom exist from the very beginning as a gift of God to men and other creatures since time of immemorial. Primarily, men are equal before the law and enjoy equal protection from it. Freedom is the right of an individual to think, act or live as he chooses without being subjected to any limitations. Responsibility is an act of any individual having an attitude of being accountable to himself, somebody or something.

THANK YOU… GOD BLESS US ALL….