1. Reported by: Liza B. JavierBSEd II (English)

2. WhatisPhonetics ? 3. Phonetics is the scientificstudy of speech soundsThe Study of the way Humansmake, Transmit, and ReceiveSounds 4. It consists of three main sub-fields: Articulatory phonetics = how speech sounds are produced (by the tongue,lips, vocal folds, etc.) Acoustic phonetics = how speech sounds are transmitted from producerto perceiver Perceptual phonetics = how listeners understand which speech sounds arebeing produced 5. Phonology -the study of sound systems of languagesPhoneme A phonological segment that can bephonetically predicted by a rule /b/ in bitand /p/ in pit. 6. The Organs of Speech and Articulation 7. articulation (n.)1. The act of vocal expression; utterance orenunciation: an articulation of the groupssentiments.2.a. The act or manner of producing a speechsound.b. A speech sound, especially a consonant.3.a. A jointing together or being jointed together.b. The method or manner of jointing. 8. Languages are made up of vowels and consonants sounds 9. Did you know that :Cantonese consists of 70 sounds (19initials and 51 finals)English consists of 44 sounds (20vowels and 24 consonants) 10. VowelsMost vowel sounds are modified by the shape of the lips. (rounded / spread / neutral)Sounds are made by vibrating the vocalcords (voicing). 11. Vowels can besingle sounds monophthongs or pure vowels Double sounds - Diphthongs Triple sounds - Triphthongs 12. Pure vowels usually come in pairs consisting of long and short sounds This is found in the word tea. The lips are : spread and the sound is long This is found in the word hip. The lips are slightly spread and the sound is shortThe tongue tip is raised slightly at the front towards the alveolar. In the longer sound the tongue is raised higher. 13. The most common sound in English the SchwaThis sound is made by relaxing the mouth andkeeping your lips in a neutral position and makinga short sound. It is found in words like pap er,over, about, and common in weak verbs in spokenEnglish. 14. This sound is the long form of the schwasound. It is found in words like thirteenand bird. The mouth is relaxed and lipsare neutral. 15. This is the shortsound up, cut &butter& This is the longa: sound car, fast& darkThe centre of the tongue is raised towards the soft plate,the lips are neutral. 16. The long soundu: you, too & blueThe short sound Good, would & woolThe lips are rounded and the centre and back of the tongue is raisedtowards the soft plate. For the longer sound the tongue is raised higherand the lips are more rounded. 17. Made with rounded lips and tongueslightly raised at the backThe long sound door, four & moreThe short sound hot, clock and what. 18. Two of the vowels do not have long soundsThis sound is made with the mouth spread wideopen. It is found in cat, man, apple & ran 19. The sound of e is found in wet, left, when & tell.Like the sound for a it is a short sound that has nolong version.The vowel sounds we have just reviewed make up therest of the diphthongs etc. that come next. 20. Diphthongs,Triphthongs &Glides 21. Diphthongs are combinations of two sounds- English has 8 diphthongsTriphthongs are combinations of three sounds-English has 1 triphthong (a diphthong + a schwa sound)Glides are sounds made when the tongue moves from one position to another. 22. 13 Here we have three sounds; The sounds from 1) for 2) tour 3) go2Two of these sounds are diphthongs, combinations ofvowels. 23. Diphthongs are made by sliding the tongue for one position to another - this is know as a glide.This diphthong is found in hay, date,scrape & vein. 24. Here two more pure vowels are combinedto make a sound. This sound is like sayingthe letter O. It begins with a er (schwa)and moves towards the oo sound found ingood. 25. Words like cow, down, ground and town allcontain this sound.(The a: is also used to make this diphthong) 26. Diphthongs are combinations of pure vowels.a:+ I = aI - tie, buy, height & nighte + I = eI - way, paid & gateo: + I = oI boy, coin & coyeee+=e- where, hair & care e eI+=I - here, hear & beer 27. ConsonantsThe Articulation of sound based on received pronunciation 28. 1) PlosivesPlosives are made by making a completeclosure between some point and thevocal tract. Pressure builds up behind the closure which is released to createsound.This group includes the sounds of b, p,k, d, t & d. 29. These two sounds areplosives, they differ inthe way the voice isused during the sound. Closed mouth1) P is aspirated & voiceless air leaving the mouth. It is ab&p gentle sound.2) B is a voiced sound and the air is restricted through the glottisBoth sounds are known asBilabial Plosives 30. The sounds k & g aremade by raising thetongue at the backof the mouth tomake a completeclosure.1) k is a voiceless sound2) g is a voiced soundThese are known asVelar Plosives 31. The sounds of t & d are made by raising the tongue to touch the front of the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth. 1) t is voiceless 2) d is voicedAlveolar ridgeNotice how you can feel air when pronouncing the t, the d sound has no air as it is voiced through the vocal cords. These are know as : Alveolar Plosives 32. 2) FricativesFricatives are made by moving two vocal organs together to restrict therelease of sound.This group includes the sounds of f, v, s, z, and both sh & th sounds 33. F&V1) The f is voiceless first, phone & flat2) The v is voiced video, love & haveThe top front teeth are placed on the top of the bottomlip. The sound is squeezed through the small gapsThese sounds are known asLabio-dental Fricatives 34. The voiced sound, found inthe, there & feather The voiceless sound found in think, thin & thoughtThe tongue touches the teeth, usually just behind the frontteeth. Above is shown the way it can be practised by puttingthe tongue between the front teeth and touching the indexfinger. These are known as a Dental fricatives 35. The sound sh is made by raisingthe blade of the tongue to makelight contact with the soft palate.The sound is squeezed throughthe gap making a sh sound.The voiceless sound can be foundin she, wash, sure & champagneThe voiced sound is found in television & revisionThese sounds are know as Palato-alveolar Fricatives 36. The tip of the tongue ismoved towards the edgeof the soft plate and thez alveolar ridge. The sound sis made by squeezing thesound through the gap.s see, voice & mostwords that begin with sz zoo, has, freeze, cars and owns.These sounds are known asAlveolar Fricatives 37. This sound is created by raising the back of the tongue to lightly touch the soft plate, air from the lungs is pushed up past the glottis and through the small gap.The sound is found in hotel, his, behind & hiveIt is known as a Glottal Fricative 38. AffricativesAffricatives are made by making a completeclosure at some point in the mouth, similar toplosives. However, affricatives differ as the air isreleased slower than a plosive.The sounds ch and its voiced version make upthis group. 39. These sound are made by combining the two sounds shown here.The plosive sound made by the t/d is changed by the 1)fricative that follows the 2) drelease of pressure.1) church, crunch & lunchd 2) Jeans, generator & bridgeThese sounds are known asPalato-alveolar Affricatives 40. NasalsNasal sounds are made by making acomplete closure in the mouth andallowing the air to escape through thenose.This group includes the sounds n/ ng/ m 41. These sounds are made by blocking off part of the 1)mouth by using the tongue. The air moving through the nasal passages creates the sound. 2)1) no, been, nine & know.It is known as a Alveolar Nasal2) Song, English & thank. It is known as a Velar Nasal(This sound is common in words that have ng & nk spellings.) 42. The m sound is made byclosing both lips andallowing the sound totravel through the nasalpassagesMy/ dream/ smile/rememberThis sound is known as aBilabial Nasal 43. Oral ContinuantsSome consonants are in some ways like vowelsas they are frictionless. (The previous groupNasals are also frictionless)Some are also midway between a consonantand a vowel, the w and y in yes aresometimes called semi-vowels or glides.These with l and r make up the group calledcontinuants or sonorants 44. The sound r is made when the tip of the tongue is held close to the alveolar ridge (but not touching). The side of the tongue should touch the lower back teeth.The sound is usually quite difficult for Asian students andcan be confused with l. (red, describe, bread, free, drain, trouble) This is known as a Post-alveolar Approximant 45. The sound of l is divided into two distinct sounds, which occur according to the following rules. If the sound occurs at the beginning or middle of the word then clear l is made; if the sound occurs at the end of the word then the sound is a dark l. Clear- the tip touches the centre or the alveolar ridge allowing the air to escape around the sides Dark- the same as the clear l but the centre of the tongue is raised to the soft plate.Know as Laterals 46. A w sound is similar to the you sound but the lips are roundedto give more tension. The tongue too is similarly positionedonly it is raised slightly more.(wedding, window, where, was, what, wear, rewind & wish)Known as a Labio-velar semi-vowel 47. The sound is made by raising the centre of thetongue towards the soft plate and lips are neutral(yesterday, year, your, yeah, and to devoice astrong (fortis) consonant as in p(y)ure, a glide)Known as a Palatal semi-vowel 48. THE END Thank You ! 49. References:Crystal, D (1995) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of The English Language:Cambridge, Cambridge University PressCrystal, D (1997) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics: London,BlackwellFromkin, V& Rodman, R (1974) An Introduction to Language: Orlando,Harcourt Brace.Lass, R (1984)Phonology An Introduction to Basic Concepts: Cambridge,Cambridge University Press.