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Dr. Kary Mullis discovered Polymerase Chain ReacBon (PCR)
Awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1993
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What is PCR?
Method to make a huge number of copies of a gene
Based on the ability of DNA polymerase enzyme to synthesize a new strand of DNA from the template
AmplificaBon of DNA= 2n, n = 30-‐40 cycles
The DNA polymerase that's most oTen used in PCR comes from a strain of bacteria called Thermus aqua+cus (Taq). It can survive near boiling temperatures and works quite well at 72 °C
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Three step method
Step 1 -‐ DenaturaEon/ Strand separaEon, 94 °C
Step 2 -‐ Annealing, 54 °C
Step 3 -‐ Extension, 72 °C
COMMON TERMS
DNA template
DNA polymerase
Primers Saturday, 2 February 2013 4 Botanica 2013
Uses
Forensic Science -‐ DNA tesEng of blood, saliva, hair, semen as biological evidence
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) 17 March 2003 – Announcement in world media Within a week – RNA of the virus sequenced
H1N1 flu (Swine flu) March 2009 – new disease appeared in the town of La Gloria in Mexico -‐ Early April 2009 – Virus was idenEfied as H1N1 -‐ September 2009 – Vaccine became available: China was the first country to use it, followed by Australia August 2010 – WHO declared the worldwide H1N1 pandemic officially over
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Uses
AIDS, Viral meningiEs, Tuberculosis (TB) -‐ Speedy and accurate diagnosis
GeneEc screening – idenEfying genes causing cysEc fibrosis and muscular dystrophy
Cancer warning – NoEcing geneEc changes in cancerous cells early, detecEng Bowel cancer from the DNA of cells shed in the faeces
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Uses
Tissue matching – analysis of potenEal donor’s Essue to be carried out quickly and effecEvely
Finding evoluEonary relaEonship between species
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References
✪ www.google.com ✪ www.wikipedia.org ✪ www.dnalc.org ✪ www.youtube.com ✪ h\p://learn.geneBcs.utah.edu ✪ h\p://www.genome.gov ✪ h\p://molecular.roche.com ✪ h\p://users.ugent.be ✪ h\p://www.abpischools.org.uk ✪ h\p://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov