Post-Study Work Opportunities

in UK, USA, Australia, New

Zealand, Canada, Germany and Ireland

By Aakriti Jain

• About us

• Why study Abroad?

• Country Wise Work Opportunities

UK

USA

Australia

New Zealand

Canada

Germany

Ireland

• Things to Remember

Contents

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United KingdomTier 1 (Graduate Entrepreneur)• Tier 1 visa is aimed at students who have completed their degree and wish to set up a business in the UK.• To be eligible, the University must agree to sponsor (endorse) you, and monitor your progress.• You must apply within 3 months of the date of the endorsement letter but please be aware that institutions can only endorse a

maximum of 20 Graduate Entrepreneurs per year.• You must also have £945 in your bank account, which has been available for at least 90 days, or £1890 if applying outside the UK.• Please note that you cannot apply if you have previously held Tier 1 (Post-study Work) leave.• If you are successful, you will be granted 1 year to develop business plans, and will be allowed to work up to 20 hours per week.• You will not be able to switch to another visa in the UK apart from Tier 1 (Entrepreneur) and Tier 2.

Tier 2 (General)• Most students use the Tier 2 (General) visa if they wish to work in the UK. The requirements for Tier 2 are more flexible for those

applying in the UK with a valid Tier 4 visa, provided they have studied on this visa. The requirements are also more flexible for thoseapplying for a PhD level job, or earning over £70,000 per annum.

• For Tier 4 (General) visa holders wishing to switch into Tier 2 (General) the requirements are: You must find an employer willing to offer you a job and ‘sponsor’ you. The employer must be licensed to the Home Office. You must be offered a job which pays at least £20,800 per year (£20,500 if your certificate of sponsorship was issued before 6 April

2015). You must have a Bachelor’s, Master’s or PhD degree, or have completed the first year of a PhD. Postgraduate diplomas (unless a PGCE or

PGDE teaching qualification) will not be accepted.• Once you have submitted a Tier 2 application, you can take a permanent full time job while waiting for the visa to be processed.• If your application is successful, you will be given a visa valid for 3 years, which you can extend for a further 3 years. After 5 years, you

can apply to settle in the UK provided you are earning at least £35,000 per year or if the job is on the Shortage Occupation list, is a PhDlevel job, or if you have Tier 2 (Minister of Religion) leave.

Tier 4 (General) visa• Provided you have studied a course of at least 12 months in length, your Tier 4 visa should expire four months

after your course completion date.• During this four month period you can work full time provided you have finished your course, including handing in all

outstanding course work and dissertations.• At the end of the four months you must either leave the UK, or have applied for another visa. If you apply for a work

visa (Tier 2), you may continue to work full time while the Home Office processes the application.

United Kingdom

Tier 4 Doctorate Extension Scheme• This is for current PhD students who require a visa for 12 months work experience on completion of their course. To apply:Ø You must have a current Tier 4 visa. If you have left the country and returned to the UK on a student visitor visa or a general visitor, you

are not eligible to apply.Ø You must apply within 60 days of completing your course. You cannot apply once your course has been completed.Ø You must apply in the UK. Applications outside the UK will not be accepted.Ø You must show evidence of £1640 for maintenance. This must be held in a bank account in your name (or in the name of a parent or

guardian) for at least 28 days. The bank statement must be no more than one calendar month old on the date you post your application.Ø You will continue to be sponsored by the University, and must meet certain ‘contact points’.Ø If you required an ATAS certificate for your course, you will usually be expected to produce one for the Doctorate Scheme as

well. However, if you apply on days 1 - 27 within the 60 day window in which you are permitted to submit your application, the HomeOffice will accept your old ATAS certificate.

• There are very few work restrictions on the Tier 4 Doctorate Extension Scheme visa. The only employment you are not permitted to takeis as a professional sportsperson or coach, or as a doctor or dentist in training. Once you have applied for the Doctorate Scheme, andcompleted your course, you may start work on these conditions before your visa has been processed.

• The visa is for 12 months maximum, and will start on the course completion date given on the CAS. The starting date of the visa cannotbe changed, even if your studies take longer than expected.

• You cannot study full time on this visa; only ‘supplementary study’ is permitted.• Dependants can also apply, either from insir=de the UK or Outside the UK• You can switch in the UK from the Tier 4 Doctorate Extension visa to Tier 2 (General), Tier 1 (Graduate Entrepreneur), or any other

category of Tier 1 visa.

Tier 5 (Government Authorised Exchange)• This visa route is aimed at graduates who require work experience or professional training for their field of work, but is limited to

organisations offering these schemes and/or universities offering post-doctoral research projects.• Eligibility requirements are: Funds of £945 for at least 90 days; A UK recognised degree if switching from Tier 4, or at least 12 months completion of a PhD course; and The employer does not intend to offer you work once the scheme has been completed.

You can switch to this visa in the UK from your Tier 4 (General) visa for a maximum of 12 months depending on the length of the scheme or research project. Once the scheme is completed, you can switch in the UK to Tier 1 (Exceptional Talent) only.

More details are available on the Gov.uk website.

United Kingdom

Stream Wise Employment Statistics by UK Employers

United States of AmericaThe Department of Homeland Security has said that foreign workers will enrich the nation by extending theirpostgraduate training in the United States. If these graduates apply for jobs in the same field that they studied, they areable to stay in the US for on-the-job study and are given time to find a company willing to sponsor a longer-term visaapplication. Which one you need depends on how long you want to stay, what degree you have and what job you want todo.

F-1 Optional Practical TrainingThe vast majority of international students in the United States have an F-1 student visa.The F-1 entitles you to apply for Optional Practical Training (OPT) at the end of your studies. This allows you to stay in the US for up to a year to apply the knowledge you have learned through work related to your major field of study.If you have a degree from the government's designated list of STEM subjects, you will probably be eligible to extend your OPT by another 17 months, meaning you can stay in the US for up to 29 months after graduation.

H1-B for specialised fieldsH1-B visa is the most common work visa in the USA. It is initially granted for three years, but can be extended to six years. The H1-B visa is for US companies to employ foreign experts in specialty occupations, which require a degree education in the right field. It is designed for jobs in fields such as architecture, engineering, mathematics, science, and medicine.The H1-B cannot be applied for by individuals and requires you to have a job offer and company who will sponsor and apply for you.

Employment-Based ImmigrationFirst Preference: Priority WorkersSecond Preference: Advanced Degree Professions / Exceptional AbilityThird Preference: Labor CertificationFourth Preference: Special ImmigrantsFifth Preference: Employment Creation - Investors

United States of America

United States of America

AustraliaAUSTRALIA's climate and lifestyle is a great draw for international students. Australia continues to have demandfor foreign workers, and students that have earned a degree in Australia have a special work visa category. Thereare also several other visa categories open to international students, and Australia has a very straightforwardpath to permanent residency using a points systemYou can stay in Australia for between 18 months and four years after graduating depending on what kind ofqualification you have. First you will need a Temporary Graduate (subclass 485) visa.To qualify for this visa you must be under 50, be in good health and be competent in English (an IELTS score of 6or a passport from an English-speaking country).

There are two types of Temporary Graduate Visa:1. Post-Study Work Stream visa

This visa allows you and your family to live, work, travel and study in Australia for between two and four years if you have graduated from an Australian education institution within the past six months. If you have a bachelor degree you can stay for two years. If you have a master's degree you can stay for two or three years. And if you have a doctorate you can stay for four years.

2. Graduate Work Stream VisaThis visa allows you and your family to live, work, travel and study in Australia for 18 months if you have graduated from an Australian education institution within the past six months. Australia has a shortage of skilled workers in several fields including types of engineer, medic, scientist and teacher. These occupations are listed on the Skilled Occupation List, To qualify for a Graduate Work Stream visa you must pass a skills assessment in an occupation on the Skilled Occupation List.

AustraliaOther Categories:402 Training and Research VisaAnother option for international students, the 442 visa is for students to improve their work skills for up to two years while being sponsored by an employer.

487 Regional Sponsored VisaThis visa provides a pathway for permanent residency while allowing you to work for 3 years and work in a specialized regional area

887 Skilled Regional Residence VisaThe 887 visa awards you permanent residency and with this you can live and work in Australia permanently. You must have already lived in Australia for two years, have a year of work experience and have sufficient points.

885 Skilled Independent Residence VisaThe 885 visa allows you to live as a permanent resident and work without needing to be sponsored

886 Skilled Sponsor Resident VisaThe 886 visa allows an overseas student to apply for permanent residency and work while being sponsored by an employer.

Permanent Visa for Recent Graduates:1. Skilled Nominated Visa (subclass 190)2. Skilled Independent Visa (subclass 189)3. Employer Nomination Scheme (subclass 186)

Australia

New ZealandAfter you have completed your studies in New Zealand you may be eligible to apply for a post study work visa. Eligibility is dependent on a number of factors including length of study and level of study.There are two streams of the post study work visa. If you wish to apply for a post study work visa you must do so within three months of the date your course finishes (or within six months if you completed a doctoral qualification). The two streams are:Post study work visa (open) for students who have completed an eligible qualification (please see below) in New Zealand but do not hold a job offer. This visa will be valid for a maximum of 12 months. To be eligible you must meet certain criteria as set out by Immigration New Zealand.Post study work visa (employer assisted) for students who have a job offer related to your qualification. This visa will be valid for two or three years.After your post-study work visa (employer assisted) you may qualify for a New Zealand resident visa under the Skilled Migrant Category. If your work is in an occupation that has skill shortages, this improves your chances of being allowed to stay, either with work visas or residence.

Study to Work qualification requirementsYou must have successfully completed a New Zealand qualification or qualifications that would qualify for points under the Skilled Migrant Category and is:a qualification at level 7 or above on the New Zealand Qualifications Framework (NZQF) and you have studied that qualification in New Zealand for at least 30 weeks (excluding holiday periods) ; ora two year qualification at level 4 to 6 on the NZQF and you have studied that qualification in New Zealand for at least 60 weeks (excluding holiday periods) ; ortwo qualifications at levels 4 to 6 on the NZQF that each require at least 30 weeks study in New Zealand, provided the second qualification is at a higher level (60 weeks study in New Zealand in total excluding holiday periods).

New Zealand

CanadaTo work in Canada after you graduate, you must apply for a work permit under the Post-Graduation Work Permit Program (PGWPP).:The PGWPP allows students who have graduated from a participating Canadian post-secondary institution to gain valuable Canadian work experience. Skilled Canadian work experience gained through the PGWPP helps graduates qualify for permanent residence in Canada through the Canadian Experience Class (CEC).

A work permit under the PGWPP may be issued for the length of the study program, up to a maximum of three years. A post-graduation work permit cannot be valid for longer than the student’s study program, and the study program must be a minimum of eight months in length. For example, if you graduate from a four-year degree program, you could be eligible for a three-year work permit if you meet the criteria. If you graduate from an eight-month certificate program, you would be eligible for a work permit that is valid for no more than eight months.

Provincial Nominee Program (PNP)Most provinces and territories in Canada can nominate immigrants through the Provincial Nominee Program (PNP). These immigrants must have the skills, education and work experience to contribute to the economy of that province or territory, and must want to live there. Since January 1, 2015, many provinces and territories have launched new Express Entry streamsIf you are nominated under a non-Express Entry stream:• you will have to apply through the paper-based process, and• if the province or territory finds you eligible and nominates you, you will send an application to

Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC).If you are nominated under a province or territory’s Express Entry stream, you must:• meet the minimum criteria for Express Entry

• this includes meeting the requirements of at least one of the immigration programs it covers.

Canada

GermanyGermany offers attractive residence permits which enable you to accept a job which befits your line and level of studies. You can obtain them in just two steps:Step 1 – Residence permit while looking for a job:You can apply for an 18-month residence permit from your local foreign nationals’ registration office to look for a job that corresponds to your qualifications. During these 18 months, you may take up any kind of employment to support yourself and fund your job search. If you already found a job that corresponds to your qualifications before graduating, you can jump this step. You can apply for your residence permit as soon as you have passed your final exam.Step 2 – Residence permit for taking up employment:As soon as you have a job offer which corresponds to your qualifications, you can choose whether you want to apply for a German residence permit or an EU Blue Card for the next part of your stay. Various conditions are attached to both these residence permits. If you intend subsequently to live and work in another EU state, the EU Blue Card may be more advantageous for you than the German residence permit. As the choice of residence permit largely depends on your personal situation, get the advice of your local foreign nationals' registration office when you apply.

University World news has reported that regulations just approved by the federal parliament, to implement a European Union (EU) directive on the highly qualified, could considerably improve conditions for foreign students and academics in Germany.• The new law provides for far-reaching changes going beyond the EU requirements.• Students will be allowed to work to earn a living for 120 instead of 90 days a year.• On graduating, they can stay in Germany for 18 instead of the current 12 months to seek skilled posts.• No restrictions will be imposed on employment during the period in which they are looking for • permanent employment, and Federal Labour Agency consent will not be required.• A permanent resident’s permit will be granted after two years.

Germany

Ireland

If you are an international student studying in Ireland, you may have the right to stay and work inIreland after you graduate. Your right to work here depends on two things:• Where are you from? There are different rules for students and graduates from countries in the

European Economic Area and Switzerland and those who come from other countries (also knownas non-EU students). There are more restrictions on non-EU students.

• Where are you studying or working? There are different rules for Northern Ireland (which is in theUK) and the Republic of Ireland.

For Non-EU Students:• Third Level Graduate Scheme: Third level graduates who have received a primary degree, a higher

diploma, a masters degree, a postgraduate diploma or a doctorate degree from an Irish third leveleducational institution on or after January 1 2007 can apply for this scheme.

• Green Card Scheme: This scheme is for the employment of highly skilled non-EEA nationals in specific sectors where there may be skills shortages. The green card is issued for an initial period of two years.

• Work Permit Scheme: This scheme is for the employment of non-EEA nationals in situations where there may be labour shortages. A work permit is issued for an initial period of up to two years and is renewable after that.

• Employment Scheme for Researchers: Under the Hosting Agreement Scheme, third country researchers can undertake employment with an accredited research organisation in Ireland.

• Stamp 1A Trainee Accountants Scheme: Under this scheme, students pursuing a professional accountancy qualification (ACA, ACCA, CIMA, CIPA) may obtain a Stamp 1A Trainee Accountant Permission for the balance of their 7 year time limit for remaining in the state as a student.

Things to RememberUnited Kingdom:• For some of the schemes, you might have to return to your home country to apply from there. This is because most of the schemes have strict rules

about who is allowed to 'switch' from another immigration category (for example, 'student'), into the scheme whilst still in the UK.• For many of the schemes, you must have successfully completed your course before you can apply to 'switch' into the scheme.• If you want to stay in the UK under one of these schemes, you must make your application before your current permission to be here as a student

expires.• If you have been sponsored by a government or international scholarship agency for your studies, most of the schemes require that you obtain their

written consent before you apply to stay on in the UK.

United States of America:OPT:• You must work in your field of study• You have to complete an OPT application. Talk to your international office for details.• Apply early. You don’t need to wait for a job offer. You may apply as early a 90 days before your program end date and must apply no later than 60

days after your program end date.• STEM subject graduates can apply for a 17-month extension once they are within 3 months of the end of their OPT.

H1B:• You must find work in your field of study• You must have a job offer before you are eligible for a H1-B visa.• You do not have to apply. Your employer has to complete the application on your behalf.• The duration of the H1-B visa is based on the length of your job contract.• Processing time for H1-B takes 3-4 months, so planning ahead is essential.• It is inadvisable to travel outside the country while your H1-B visa is pending

Australia uses a point system to see if someone qualifies for most visas. The point evaluations will be assessed along with your application to see if you qualify. These are a few of the items that gain you points:• English ability or mastery• Occupation in demand• between 19 and 44 years of age• Work experience• Australian qualifications (length of study)• Sponsorship

Things to Remember

New Zealand

• Applicants must provide: a completed work visa application form and fee; and

• evidence that they have completed a qualification in New Zealand that would qualify for points under Skilled Migrant Category ; and

• evidence that they have a minimum of $4,200 in funds available to maintain themselves during their 12 month stay in New Zealand (travellers' cheques or bank documents in the applicant's name are acceptable); and

• evidence that the work visa application is being made no later than 3 months after the end date of their student visa for that programme of study or qualification.

Canada:

• A Post-Graduation Work Permit cannot be valid longer than the length of your studies in Canada.

• If the official length of your program of study is:

• less than eight months

– you are not eligible for this program

• less than two years but more than eight months

– you may get a work permit for a period no longer than the length of your program of study (for example, if you studied for nine months, a work permit may be issued for a period of nine months)

• two years or more

– a work permit may be issued for three years

All the Best