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6/11/2015
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Postharvest management of insect pests and their impact on
quality
POSTHARVEST IMPACT OF INSECT PESTS
Reduction in fruit quality LOSSES
POSTHARVEST IMPACT OF INSECT PESTS
Insect greatly impede exportation
Either absent from importing country
The exporting country has zero tolerance for all live insects
Adaptability allows them to move to new ecological niches and expand the host range
IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Fruit flies (Mango, citrus, peach)
Bactrocera sp.
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IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Mango seed and pulp weevil
IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Citrus rind borer
Eggplant fruit borer
IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Sweet potato weevil
Thrips
SPS: SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES
Laws, regulations and procedures instituted by countries to protecthuman, animal or plant life or health
Plant quarantine
Declaring area free from pests spreading to a country
Regulation or treatment of imported fruits
Residues or pesticides on food
Certification: food safety, animal or plant health
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MANAGING INSECT PESTS: PREHARVEST
Bagging Traps
MANAGING INSECT PESTS: PREHARVEST
Cultural management
Crop rotation
Field sanitation
Hand-picking and destruction of insects
Control of insect population
Use of male attractants
Insecticide application
Biological control agent
Eradication
Male annihilation technique (MAT)
Sterile insect technique (SIT)
MANAGING INSECT PESTS: POSTHARVEST
Quarantine treatment
Any treatment that kills or otherwise renders quarantine pests incapable of establishment at a predetermined level of control (Hartman 2001)
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD QUARANTINE TREATMENT
Factors to consider:
Presence of more than one life stage on or in the host
Location of the insect’s life stage in the host
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MANAGING INSECT PESTS: QUARANTINE TREATMENT
Must
Kill all stages of the insect
Not have visible detrimental effects on fruit quality
Be commercially feasible
Not have harmful effects on humans
Be environmentally friendly
QUARANTINE TREATMENT EFFECTS ON FRUIT QUALITY IF NOT MANAGED
MANAGING INSECT PESTS: CHEMICALS
Fumigants
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
Methyl bromide (MB)
Phosphine
Insecticide dust or sprays
Dimethoate- fruit flies (tomato, mango, cucumber)
MANAGING INSECT PESTS: PHYSICAL
Vapor heat treatment
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VAPOR HEAT TREATMENT
Makes use of air saturated with water vapor to raisethe temperature of the commodity to a specifictemperature for a specific period.
The combined effect of warming, holding and coolingperiods is important.
MANAGING INSECT PESTS: PHYSICAL
Extended hot water treatment
HOT WATER TREATMENT
Used primarily for the control of fruit fly.
Duration of the treatment depends on thecommodity and origin of the target pest.
MANAGING INSECT PESTS: IRRADIATION
LABELING
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MANAGING INSECT PESTS: IRRADIATION
Approved doses for the use of registration as aphytosaniatry treatment for fruits and vegetables.
Insect Pest Dose (Gy)
Oriental fruit fly 250
Mediterranean fruit fly 225
Melon fly 210
Caribbean fruit fly 150
West Indian fruit fly 150
Sapote fruit fly 150
Malaysian fruit fly 150
Mango seed weevil 300
DISADVANTAGES OF IRRADIATION
Can create a stress response in fresh fruits andvegetables, leading to
Increased respiration rates
Hastening of senescence
Global negative sentiments remain the mostrestrictive factor for the commercialadoption of irradiation on a large scale.
MANAGING INSECT PESTS: OTHER TREATMENTS
COLD TREATMENT
Carambola (star fruit)= 1.1°C for 15 days Orange, lemons, mandarins = 1°C for 14 days Mangosteen = 6°C for 13 days
CONTROLLEDATMOSPHERE
2% O2 and 5% CO2 = insecticidal atmosphere
LIMITATION: fruit injury off-flavour development
SYSTEMS APPROACH
Requires knowledge of pest and host biology
Components
pest identification and risk management
Pest survivelance, trapping, sampling
Cultural practice
Postharvest disinfestations
Use of non-hosts or resistant hosts
Pest –free areas
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