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Before we enter to the topic….
* Poultry= Poule (French word)- pullus (latin)= small animal* includes birds killed for meat such as young pigeons(squabs) but doesn’t include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game.
* Reared for eggs, meat, feather or sometimes as pets(wikipedia).
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF HOUSING IN POULTRY
PREPARED BY:Madan Bhandari
B.V.Sc. & AH- 6th SemesterNEPAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
NO MATTER WHAT TYPE OF HOUSE YOU HAVE BUT IT IS PREREQUISITE…!!!
Objectives
Participants will be able to construct a scientific poultry house after the successful completion of this presentation.
HOUSINGFor a successful commercial, scientific and profitable farming system housing is fundamental prerequisite to all animals including poultry.
IMPORTANCE/ PURPOSETo protect inclement weather, direct sun rays and rain.
To minimize effect of dampness.
To provide safety from their predators.
To apply scientific management practices.
To provide suitable, atmosphere for expression of full genetic potential.
Essentials of Good Housing:• Comfort: The best egg production is secured from birds that are comfortable and happy. To be comfortable a house must provide adequate accommodation; be reasonably cool in summer, free-from draft and sufficiently warm during the winter provides adequate supply of fresh air and sunshine; and remain always dry. Given these the hen responds excellently.•Protection: Includes safeguards against theft and attack from natural enemies of the birds such as the fox, dog, cat kite, crow, snake, etc. The birds also should be protected against external parasites like ticks, lice and mites.•Convenience: The house should be located at a convenient place, and the equipment so arranged as to allow cleaning and other necessary operations as required.•Location of Poultry House:•In planning a poultry house, the location should be taken into consideration. In selecting site for poultry houses the following factors should be considered.
Essentials of….cntd
•Relation to other building: The poultry house should not be close to the home as to create unsanitary conditions. On the other hand it should not be too far away either because this will require more time in going to and for in caring for the birds. In general at least three trips should be made daily to the poultry house in feeding, watering, gathering the eggs, etc.
•Exposure: The poultry house should face south or east in moist localities. A southern exposure permits more sunlight in the house than any of the other possible exposures. An eastern exposure is almost as good as a southern one. Birds prefer morning sunlight to that of the afternoon. The birds are more active in the morning and will spend more time in the sunlight.
Ess…contd.•Soil and drainage: If possible the poultry house should be placed on a sloping hillside rather than a hilltop or in the bottom of a valley. A sloping hillside provides good drainage and affords some protection. The type of soil is important if the birds are to be given a range. A fertile well drained soil is desired. This will be a sandy loam rather than a heavy clay soil. A fertile soil will grow good vegetation which is one of the main reasons for providing range. If the poultry house is located on flat poorly drained soil, the yards should be tiled otherwise the birds should be kept in total confinement.
•Shade and Protection: Shade and protection of the poultry house are just as desirable as for the home. Trees serve as a windbreak in the winter and for shade in the summer. They should be tall, with no low limbs. Low shrubbery is no good as in their presence the soil becomes contaminated under the shrubbery, remains damp/ and sunlight cannot reach it to destroy the disease germs. One thing we should remember that plenty of sun shines should be available at the site.
System of poultry housing to be adopted depends on:
•Category•type of birds•climatic conditions•capacity to invest &•strength of birds.
Sometimes combination of two or more systems is also followed depending on need & convenience of operations for fanning.
Construction details :
Foundation Floor Walls and partition Ventilators Roof Doors Width Length
Basic Principles to be Observed for LayoutLayout should not allow visitors (for office
works) and outside vehicles to come in contact with birds. From this, administrative block and feed mill unit should be kept away from sheds on farm.
The younger birds should be kept away from disturbances due to movements of outsiders. For which brooder and grower houses are preferably. Located at far end of site, away from administrative block and mill unit.
The houses of should be necessarily placed on the upwind flow side to avoid cross-infection from adults to youngers through air. In our country for major part of year, west is the upwind flow side.
Feed mill is generally attached to medium and large size poultry farms and preferably placed near gate.
Housing requirements:
• Floor space: The smaller the house the more square feet are required for each hen. Bigger pens have more actual usable floor space per bird than smaller pens. The recommend at as suggested might be useful regarding floor, feeders and watering space.
• For economic production of laying hens it is always better to keep them in small unit of 15 to 25 birds. This number can go up to a maximum limit of 250 birds. In commercial poultry farms units of 125 or so are advisable. Where there is a long house, partitioning at every 20 feet should be made to eliminate drafts, etc.
Minimum Space Requirements of Various Bird Types (Clauer, 2009)
Type of Birds Sq.ft./bird inside Sq.ft./bird outside run
Bantam Chickens 1 4
Laying hens 1.5 8
Large Chickens 2 10
Quails 1 4
Pheasants 5 25
Ducks 3 15
Geese 6 18
Ventilation:Ventilation in the poultry house is necessary to provide the birds with fresh air and to carry off moisture. Since the fowl is a small animal with a rapid metabolism its air requirements per unit of body is high in comparison with that of other animals. A hen weighing 2 kg and on full feed, produces about 52 liters of CO2 every 24 hours. Since CO2 content of expired air is about 3.5 per cent, total air breathed amounts to 0.5 liter per kg live weight per minute. A house that is a tall enough for the attendant to more around comfortably will supply far more air space than will be required by the bird’s that can be accommodated in the given floor space.
• Temperature: Hens need a moderate temperature of 50°F to 70°F. Birds need warmer temperature at night, when they are inactive, than during the day. The use of insulation with straw pack or other materials, not only keeps the house. Warmer during the winter months but cooler during the summer months. Cross ventilation also aids in keeping the house comfortable during hot weather.Age (wks) Temperature (0C) Temperature (0F)1 35 952 34 903 29 854 27 805 24 756 21 70
Source: kukhurapalan.pustika.Central.Swine.Poultry.Development.Office.Hariharbhawan.Lalitpur.Nepal.@2070/71
Humidity & Relative humidity
• 38 – 42 per cent humidity better performance.• Relative Humidity: 60-80 (normal) • ↑ relative humidity = high disease prevalence,
conducive for multiplication of pathogenic organism
• ↓ relative humidity = respiratory problem, dusty and dry litter
• Dryness: Absolute dry conditions inside a poultry house is always ideal condition dampness causes discomfort to the birds and also gives rise to the diseases like colds, pneumonic etc. Dampness in poultry house caused by: (1) moisture rising through the floor; (2) leaky roofs or walls; (3) rain or snow entering through the windows; (4) leaky water containers; (5) exhalation of birds.
Light:
• Daylight in the house is desirable for the comfort of the birds. They seem more contented on bright sunny days than in dark, cloudy weather. Sunlight in the poultry house is desirable not only because of the destruction of disease germs and for supplying vitamin-D but also because it brightens the house and makes the birds happy. Birds do fairly well when kept under artificial lights.
• A study shows 1-2 hour off-light/day increases the efficiency of feed.
• Sanitations: The worst enemies of the birds, i.e., lice, ticks, fleas and mites are abundant in poultry houses. They not only transmit diseases but also retard growth and laying capacity. The design of the house should be such which admits easy cleaning and spraying. There should be minimum cracks and crevices. Angle irons for the frame and cement asbestos or metal sheets for the roof and walls are ideal construction materials, as they permit effective disinfection of the house. When wood is to be used, every piece should be treated with coaltar, cresol, or similar strong insecticides before being fitted.
Feeder and drinker
Types of roof
A – Distance between 1st broiler house and approach road (20 m)B- Distance between incinerator and last broiler house (30 m)D- Distance between two broiler houses (10m)FM – Feed mill I – IncineratorS.O. – Store and Office
Basic Guidelines to construct a Poultry Farm
Housing system
Conventional / extensive
Free range/extensive
Folding-unit system
Nonconventional / intensive
Semi-intensive Intensive
Deep litter Cage rearing
Reverse (stair-step) cages
Battery (vertical) cages Flat dock cages
FREE RANGE SYSTEM• Rearing of poultry by letting them loose on ground (field) called as range
in limited area (fenced); adopted only when adequate land is available to ensure desired stocking density by avoiding crowding.
• oldest system and has been used for centuries by general farmers where there is no shortage of lard.
• allows great but not unlimited, space to the birds on lard where they can find an appreciable amount of food in the form of herbage, seeds and insects.
• Birds are protected from the predatory animals and infectious diseases including parasitic infestation. At present due to advantages of intensive methods the system is almost obsolete.
• It a range should provide shelter, greens, feed, water, shade, room , for exercise and safety. But foraging is the major source of feeding for birds.
• Shelter is usually provided by temporary roofing supported by ordinary poles. The fields are generally used on rotational basis by moving of birds from field to field depending on cropping programme.
• All types and categories of birds can be reared in this system.
• The average stocking density of adult birds 250 birds per hectare.
• The scientific management practices cannot be followed because there is no control over the birds. The system is not practiced in Nepal for commercial rearing but used for backward poultry keeping in villages for country hens.
Folding-unit system:
This system of housing is an innovation of recent years. In portable folding units birds being confined to one small run, the position is changed each day, giving them fresh ground and the birds find a considerable proportion of food from the herbage are healthier and harder. For the farmer the beneficial effect of scratching and manuring on the land is another side effect. The most convenient folding unit to handle is that which is made for 25 hens. A floor space of 1 square foot should be allowed for each bird in the house, and 3 square feet in the run, so that a total floor space for the whole unit is 4 square feet per bird, as with the intensive system. A suitable measurement for a folding house to take 25 birds is 5 feet wide and 20 feet long, the house being 5‘ x 5‘, one-third of the run. The part nearest the house is covered in and the remaining 10‘ open with wire netting sides and top.Disadvantages• The food and water must be carried back and forth out to the birds and
eggs.• There is some extra labor involved in the regular moving of the fold units.
SEMI-INTENSIVE• Where the free space available is limited this system is adopted, but
is necessary to allow the birds 20-30 sq. yards per bird of outside run. Whereever possible this space should be divided giving a run on either side of the house of 10-15 sq. yards/bird, thus enabling the birds to move onto fresh ground.
• birds are half-way reared in houses and half-way on ground or range, i.e. birds are confined to houses in night or as per need they are also given access to runs.
• The houses are with solid floors while runs are fields only. The success of rearing depends on maintenance of condition of runs to reduce the contamination. Runs can also be used on turn basis. The more danger of infection is from the ground immediately surrounding houses called “foul-patch” due to congregation of birds there for more time in day.
• Therefore, floor of this ground may be made up of pressed gravel or Murom having slope towards runs, away from house. The stocking density rate on an average for adults is 750 birds per hectare. Here also there is only slight control over birds and scientific management practices cannot be applied. To some extent the system is adopted for duck rearing. The feeding and watering facilities are provided in houses.
INTENSIVE SYSTEMBirds are totally confined to houses either on ground/floor or on wire-netting floor in cages. While invention of this system, initially it was thought that birds developed leg weakness due to this rearing but later on it was detected that leg problems were due to deficiency of vitamin D, B, etc. or mineral deficiency like manganese and it was not the fault of system. It is the most efficient, convenient an
Deep litter system/ dry compost :
* poultry birds are kept in large pens up to 250 birds each, on floor covered with litters like straw, saw dust or leaves up to depth of 8-12 inches. •It is the accumulation of the material used for litter with poultry manure until it reaches a depth of 8 to 12 inches. •Suitable dry organic materials like straw (needs to be cut into 2 or 3 inch lengths),saw dust, leaves, dry grasses, groundnut shells, broken up maize stalks and cobs, bark of trees in sufficient quantity to give a depth of about 6 inches in the pen should be used. The droppings of the birds gradually combine with the materials used to build up the litter.
* In about 2 months, it has usually become deep litter, and by 6 months it has become built-up deep litter. At about 12 months of old stage it is fully built up. Extra litter materials can be added to maintain sufficient depth. The deep litter pen should be started when the weather is dry, and is likely to remain so for about 2 months for the operation of the bacterial action, which alters the composition of the litters. Start new litter with each year‘s pullets and continue with it for their laying period.
Advantages• Birds and eggs are safely enclosed in deep litter intensive pen, which has strong wire netting
or expanded metal.
• Built-up deep litter also supplies some of the food requirements of the birds. They obtain "Animal Protein Factor" from deep litter.
• The level of coccidiosis & worm infestation is much lower with poultry kept on good deep litter than with birds/chicken in bare yards. Well managed deep litter kept in dry condition with no wet spots around waterer has a sterilizing action.
• With correct conditions observed with well managed litter there is no need to clean a pen out for a whole year; the only attention is the regular stirring & adding of some material as needed.
• Generally 35 laying birds can produce in one year about 1 tone of deep litter fertilizer. The level of nitrogen in fresh manure is about 1%, but on well built-up deep litter it may be around 3% nitrogen (nearly 20% protein). It also contains about 2% phosphorus and 2% potash. Its value is about 3 times that of cattle manure.
• It is a valuable insulating agent; the litter maintains its own constant temperature, so birds burrow into it when the air temperature is high and thereby cool themselves. Conversely, they can warm themselves in the same way when the weather is very cool.
Basic Rules for deep litter system• Do not have too many birds in the pen – one bird for every 3 ½ to 4
and preferably 5square feet of floor space.• Provide sufficient ventilation to enable the litter to keep in correct
condition.• Keep the litter dry. This is probably the master work in a deep litter
system. If the litter gets soaked by leaking from roofs or from water vessels, it upsets the whole process and would have to start over again. All probable precautions should be taken to maintain the litters completely dry.
• Stir the litter regularly. Turning the litter (just like digging in a garden) at least once weekly is very important in maintaining a correct build-up of deep litter.
Cage Rearing
This system involves rearing of poultry on raised wire netting floor in smaller compartments of wire netting called cages, either fitted on stands on floor of house or hanged to the roof. If birds become overweight they may develop cage fatigue but very rarely. The system has been proved very efficient for laying operations, right from day-old stage till disposal. Feeders and waterers are attached to cages from outside except nipple waterers, for which pipeline is installed through or above cages. Auto-operated feeding trollies and egg collection belts can also be used in this rearing system. The droppings are either collected in trays underneath cages or on belts for it or on the floor or deep pit under cages, depending on type of cages. Primarily cages can be divided into two types depending on their design and installation pattern in the house, viz. reverse (Calif-ornian) and battery cages.
At present,75% of commercial layers in the world are kept in cages.
Recommended Floor Space for cage.Chick (0-8 weeks)= 0.3 sq.ft.Grower(9-16weeks)= 0.5sq.ft.Layer(above 17 weeks)= 0.6 sq.ft.
Reverse Cages (Stair-step)
They are also known as stair-stepped cages and were initially named after the place California, where invented for first time. The compartments are arranged step-wise in two or three tiers on stands in two or three rows, were droppings may fall on ground or deep pit under cages . The droppings be removed once 6 months or after 12 months along with disposal of layer batch pending on depth of pit formed by raised platform . Double strength of birds can be accommodated the same space in this type of cages as compared to deep-litter.
Reverse cages
battery Cages
• they are also called as vertical cages. The compartments of cages e arranged one above the other on stands with a tray or shit belts un der the compartments for collection of droppings in two or three rows. The droppings are preferably removed every day or at least alternate day in this system. The feeders and waterers arrange-nt is same as that of reverse cages. These cages house still more number of birds than deep-litter or reverse cages. Roughly tripplc strength of birds can be housed as compared to deep-litter system. The arrangement of compartments is elaborated in the figure
Battery cages
Flat Deck Cages
• This is the single tier cage system popularly used for rearing chicks upto 8 weeks, for easy handling of them in morden methods of poultry production and management. Each cage is usually 1 m (100 cm) square block fitted on stand. Length-wise each block is divided into two compartments by a partition in middle at 50 cm of width housing, 20 chicks in each compartment or 40 chicks in a block. They are provided with trough waterers initially attached on width sides and from around 4th week waterers on both the sides length-wise are used. Nipple, arid pipeline, length-wise can also be installed through cages. Feeders to cages are attached from outside on both the sides length-wise . Because the quantity of droppings is less due to smaller size of birds, droppings can easily be stocked for 2 months and removed along with shifting of chicks to grower houses at 8 weeks of age. Generally four rows of cages are installed in 8.5 m wide house with 5 service passages. The length of house can be taken as per need..
Flat deck cages
Advantages of Cage Rearing1. Space and land required is lowest than any other type of rearing. About 20,000 to 25,000
birds can be reared per hectare. ‘ Therefore, the cost of overall housing is reduced to a great extent.
2. Birds are under complete control. Even birds can be housed individually which is sometimes followed for breeders.
3. Accurate records of individual bird can be maintained which is helpful in efficient breeding programme.
4. Scientific management practices in respect of feeding, watering. breeding, health care, etc. can be adopted easily.
5. Day to day operations like watering, feeding, egg collection, medication, vaccination, culling, debeaking, etc. are easy and create minimum stress of birds.
6. The breakage of eggs is reduced to minimum possible level of 0.5 to 1 per cent which increases profit of margin.
7. Egg eating is largely prevented and most clean egg production is obtained.
8. The birds do not congregate at the time of feeding and fee: consumption is still reduced due to further restricted movements as compared to deep-litter.
9. The major litter horned diseases like coccidiosis and worms are eliminated or incidence is reduced to large extent.
10. The cost of litter and litter management problems are totally eliminated.
11. Day to day operations like watering, feeding, egg collection, medication, vaccination, culling, debeaking, etc. are easy and create minimum stress of birds.
12. The breakage of eggs is reduced to minimum possible level of 0.5 to 1 per cent which increases profit of margin.
MADAN BHANDARITamghas Gulmi, Nepalemail: [email protected]. Ed. , B.V.Sc. & AH(contd)
