PRE INDEPENDENT ERA (SRINIKETAN,

MARTHANDAM, GURGAON EXPERIMENT,

GANDHIAN CONSTRUCTIVE

PROGRAMME

Dr. Arpita SharmaAssistant Professor,GBPUA&T, Pantnagar

Course: Dimensions of Agricultural Extension

THE FAMINE COMMISSION 1901 Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was

established at Pusa (Bihar) which was the beginning of the organized Agricultural research in India.

An Agricultural College with well equipped experimental farm was also started at Pusa.

Scientific and expert staff in the capacity of Horticulturists and Agronomists were appointed.

The Indian Agriculture Service was instituted at the centre.

The Agricultural Research Institutes were started from 1920.

DANIEL SCHEME 1903 OR MODEL VILLAGE IN SUNDARBAN In 1903 Sir Daniel Hemilton made a

scheme of creating model villages in Bengal on cooperative principles.

He organized a cooperative credit society and a central cooperative bank in 1915 and started the work of rural upliftment in Madras.

Mr. Daniel also established a Rural Reconstruction Institute in 1934, which provided training facilities in Cottage and subsidiary industries.

SRINIKETAN PROJECT 1908 Founded by Ravindra Nath Tagore for village

development. Main aim: All round development of rural people. Objectives:1. To help the rural people for the development of

cottage industry.2. To develop their resources so that they may

know new scientific methods of farming.3. Development of cattle.4. Development of multi purpose primary level

education.5. To help self help initiative and rural leadership.

ACTIVITIES Sanitation in villages. Adult Education. To arrange campaign for the eradication

of Malaria, TB and other infectious disease.

To manage the pure drinking water. To manage saving for famine and flood. Development of Cottage industries.

AREA OF WORK Sri Tagore started work in his Zamindari

villages of Kaligram Perganna for example Atari, Raghupur, Rani nagar, Tilakpur, Latara etc.

METHOD OF WORK Survey of selected villages. Foundation of social welfare centre in

each village. Worker used to bring the rural problems upto this centre and solutions were provided to farmers. It was two way process.

To manage the medicines which may be available to rural people at proper time.

Demonstration of improved practices. Community centers.

GURGAON EXPERIMENT (1920) The rural upliftment programme on a

mass scale was firstly started by Mr. F. L. Brayne in Gurgaon district of Punjab in 1920.

Objectives:1. To deal with whole life of the village.2. The work should be started in whole

district at a time.3. Development work should be taken at

campaign level.

AREA OF WORK Agriculture development and increasing

food production. Health improvement. Village sanitation. Social improvement. Emphasis on women education. Organization of cooperative societies.

METHOD OF WORK Propaganda was done by drama and

music, to mould the human thoughts. Guides were appointed to express the

programme at village level and to help the rural people.

The teacher of village schools used to teach the village people the importance of programme and dignity of labor.

GANDHAIN CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAMME (1920) Mahatma Gandhi started this programme in

1920 at Sewagram. Later it was extended to Wardha in 1938. Principle: “Helping the people to help

themselves. Objectives:1. To serve the under privileged villagers.2. To make the villagers self sufficient and self

reliant.3. To develop the power and courage in rural

people, so that they stand up in opposite of oppression and injustice.

ACTIVITIESEconomic Equality: Decentralize production and equal

distribution of wealth. Self sufficiency in village.Education: Basic education based on the learning

by doing. Education should be based on everyday

experiences of life.

Social equality: Removal of Untouchability. Equal opportunity for women. Community Unity.Method of work:1. Self Help.2. Dignity of labour. Eg: Shramdan3. Self respect.4. Truth and non violence.

MARTHANDUM PROJECT (1928) Started in 1928 by Spencer Hetch under the

sponsorship of YMCA and Christian Church. Five fold programme: Mental, Physic, Spirit,

mind, economic and social aspect of life. Area covered was 100 villages. Objectives:1. Self Help and cooperation.2. Opening the demonstration centers.3. There should be an voluntary association.4. Helping people to help in their own work.

ACTIVITIES

Poultry Cultivation by improved methods. Bee keeping. Cattle industry.

METHOD OF WORK To bring out the serving habit in people. The members of voluntary association

were staying in villages for few days to work with them in same condition.

Rural dramas for recreation. Poultry and Bee keeping programmes

were launched. Tour, Camps, Exhibitions and melas

were organized.

ROYAL COMMISSION (1928) Interchange of ideas should be freely

permitted between the administrative, research and teaching branches in the earlier years of services.

There should be a body for Agricultural research at National level for promotion, cooperation and guidance of agricultural research in India.

The director of Agriculture should have in him this combination of administrative capacity and high scientific qualification.

RURAL RECONSTRUCTION MOVEMENT IN BARODA STATE (1932) This movement was started by VT

Krishnachari in 1932 in the Baroda state.

The aim of the movement as follows:1. The centre should aim at effecting an

improvement in all aspects of rural life changing in fact the outlook of the Agriculturists, the target being creating desire for a higher standard of living.

2. Village leadership of the best type should be developed.

FIRKA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (1946) Selection of Firka: On the basis of their

backwardness. Possibilities for creating the production of

handloom clothes and other cottage industries. Objectives:1. To tackle the rural problem as a whole.2. Formation of Panchayats and organization of

cooperatives.3. Long term plan to make the area self

sufficient through Agricultural, irrigational and livestock improvement.

4. Development of Khadi and cottage industry.

NILOKHERI EXPERIMENT It was started to settle the 7000 displaced

persons and later integrated with 100 villages surrounding Nilokheri.

This scheme was called “Mazdoor Manzil”.Objectives: Self sufficiency for rural cum urban township

in all essential requirements of life. Making provision of work and training for the

people according to their native background. To check middle men. To enable transactions between the consumer

and the producer, to approach a vertical order.

ACTIVITIES Polytechnic training for BDO and SEO

and VLW. Housing and marketing facilities. Management of schools, hospitals and

recreation centre. To make the cultivable land of all 700

acres of Swampy land. Cooperative credit facility. Small scale industries were run on

cooperative basis.

ETAWAH PILOT PROJECT The second name of this project is “

Average district project”. Started in 1947. Objectives: To develop the mental power of people. Arousing their interest and initiative. Improving crops and livestock. To encourage panchayats. To build up the sense of self help in

villagers.

Thanks