Part 1

“There is a consistent inconsistency between what we say we value and our actual behavior.”

--Koppelman & Goodhart (2008, p. 4)

Prejudice Stereotype Discrimination

Personal discrimination Institutional discrimination

Suppose UTA is accused of sex discrimination because the overall percentage of female job candidates offered a position in the last five years is less than the overall percentage for male candidates.

When we investigate which departments within UTA are discriminating against women, we find that within each department, the percentage of female job applicants who are offered a position is identical to the percentage of male applicants who are offered a position.

Number of Applicants

Number of Job Offers

Percentage Offered Jobs

Department A Women Men

5001000

50100

10%10%

Department B Women Men

1000500

5025

5%5%

Combined Total

Women Men

15001500

100125

6.67%8.33%

Research in the 1920s Challenges in the 30s and 40s

“Authoritarian personality” and Theodor Adorno

“The human mind must think with the aid of categories…Once formed, categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. We cannot possibly avoid this process. Orderly living depends on it.”

--Gordon Allport (1954)

In this booklet, the men and women are actually of equal height. We have taken care to match the heights of the men and women pictured. That is, for every woman of a particular height, there is also a man of that same height. Therefore, in order to make as accurate a height judgment as possible, try to judge each photograph as an individual case; do not rely on the person’s sex.

Outgroup homogeneity effect Why are outgroups seen as more

homogeneous than ingroups?

“Ultimately, many forms of discrimination and bias may develop not because outgroups are hated, but because positive emotions such as admiration, sympathy, and trust are reserved for the ingroup.”

--Marilyn Brewer(1999)

Implicit Egoism

Social Identity Theory Connection between self-esteem and

prejudice Prejudice represents a way of

maintaining self-esteem

They are a North American group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and the Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles…Nacirema culture is characterized by a highly developed market economy which has evolved in a rich natural habitat. While much of the people’s time is devoted to economic pursuits, a large part of the fruits of these labors and a considerable portion of the day are spent in ritual activity. The focus of this activity is the human body, the appearance and health of which loom as a dominant concern in the ethos of the people.

--1956, American Anthropologist