Prelude de the Civil War Lectures 1 & 2

1861-1865

American WarsAmerican Wars Two major wars shaped America, its Two major wars shaped America, its

culture, and its culture, and its people:people: The Independence War (Revolution)The Independence War (Revolution) The Civil WarThe Civil War

Both wars opposed Americans to each Both wars opposed Americans to each other: other: Patriots vs Loyalist Patriots vs Loyalist Northerners vs SouthernersNortherners vs Southerners

The United States of

America were born in 1783, after the Independence War against Britain

1775 – 1783 (Declaration of Independence)

American War American War of of Independence Independence or American or American RevolutionRevolution

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

The Civil War 1861-1865The Civil War 1861-1865

The Civil War was bloody and The Civil War was bloody and resulted in over 600,000 resulted in over 600,000 deaths (Population = 31 M)deaths (Population = 31 M)

The Civil War divided the The Civil War divided the United States to such an United States to such an extent that its impact can still extent that its impact can still be felt over 140 years later. be felt over 140 years later.

Major causes from the Major causes from the inception of the Constitution.inception of the Constitution.

The pre–Civil War years The pre–Civil War years 1820-60 1820-60

the most chaotic in American historythe most chaotic in American history the nation transformed from an the nation transformed from an

underdeveloped nation of farmers and underdeveloped nation of farmers and frontiersmen into an urbanized frontiersmen into an urbanized economic powerhouse. economic powerhouse.

the industrialized North and the the industrialized North and the agricultural South grew apart. agricultural South grew apart.

The North, more populated and industrialised, relied on free

labor & opposed slavery

THE NORTHTHE NORTH

THE SOUTHTHE SOUTHThe South,

with abundant slave black

population that worked in the cotton fields,

wanted to maintain slavery

1820-60 1820-60 5 Major Trends5 Major Trends

1.1. Market : shift from agricultural economy to one Market : shift from agricultural economy to one based on wages changed North & West. based on wages changed North & West.

2.2. Shift from rural to urban society. Millions of Shift from rural to urban society. Millions of farmers moved to cities. farmers moved to cities.

3.3. Politics: Southern states were dominated by Politics: Southern states were dominated by “states’ righters” While Northerners believed the “states’ righters” While Northerners believed the federal government had authority over states. federal government had authority over states.

4.4. Debate over slaveryDebate over slavery5.5. Westward expansionWestward expansion

Debate over SlaveryDebate over Slavery closely tied to the states’ rights issueclosely tied to the states’ rights issue Northerners realized horrors of slaveryNortherners realized horrors of slavery Southerners reliant upon it to support Southerners reliant upon it to support

their cotton-based economy.their cotton-based economy. Northerners did not necessarily want Northerners did not necessarily want

social and political equality for blacks social and political equality for blacks but were opposed to the slave system but were opposed to the slave system

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

American Progress – John Gast (1872)

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny and Westward Movementand Westward Movement

Many Americans believed god entrusted Many Americans believed god entrusted them with the mission o spread them with the mission o spread democracy and Protestantism. democracy and Protestantism.

Over a million Americans sold their homes Over a million Americans sold their homes in the East and set out in Oregon, Mormon, in the East and set out in Oregon, Mormon, Santa Fe, and California Trails. Santa Fe, and California Trails.

Policymakers acquired Florida and Oregon Policymakers acquired Florida and Oregon and declared war on Mexico in 1846 to and declared war on Mexico in 1846 to seize Texas, California, and everything in seize Texas, California, and everything in between.between.

Slavery & Westward Slavery & Westward ExpansionExpansion

Debate centered on westward Debate centered on westward expansion of slavery, which southern expansion of slavery, which southern elites saw as vital to the survival of elites saw as vital to the survival of their aristocratic social and economic their aristocratic social and economic order. order.

Northerners opposed the expansion Northerners opposed the expansion of slavery outside the South. of slavery outside the South.

As the US territory expanded across As the US territory expanded across the continent, would new states the continent, would new states become slave states – or free?become slave states – or free?

?

1819 1819 11 free states and 11 slave states11 free states and 11 slave states

Senate consists of :Senate consists of : 2 representatives from each 2 representatives from each

statestateHouse of Representatives:House of Representatives:

based on states population- based on states population- slave states had more representativesslave states had more representatives

United States, 1819United States, 1819 The number of The number of

slave-states slave-states equaledequaled the the number of free number of free states.states.

Would the new Would the new states in the states in the Louisiana Louisiana Territory be Territory be allowed to allowed to have slavery?have slavery?

What would be a good COMPROMISE for this situation?

Why is this a problem?Why is this a problem?1820- 2 territories want to 1820- 2 territories want to enterenter

1.1.MaineMaine 2.2.MissouriMissouri--(about 2,000 slaves)(about 2,000 slaves)What is the dilemma for What is the dilemma for Congress?Congress?

The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise Additional land gained after Additional land gained after

Mexican-American War caused Mexican-American War caused dispute over slavery in the Westdispute over slavery in the West

Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30 ’’

Maine to enter as a free stateMaine to enter as a free state Missouri as a slave stateMissouri as a slave state

Southern ResponseSouthern Response South realized that this compromise South realized that this compromise

threatened the balance between free threatened the balance between free and slave statesand slave states

South felt the US would need South felt the US would need territories from Mexico’s territory in territories from Mexico’s territory in which to expand slavery the only which to expand slavery the only area left was in Arkansasarea left was in Arkansas

Dred ScottDred Scott

The U.S. Supreme Court had to decide… Was he a Person or Property?

Dred Scott was slave of a Missouri physician.

Had been taken to free territory by owner.

Sued for freedom in 1846 after owner died, arguing he had become free when he lived in free territory.

Hint: 4 Northern judges, 5 Southern judges

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott DecisionChief Justice Roger TaneyChief Justice Roger Taney

Slaves were not citizens, so Slaves were not citizens, so they could not sue in courtthey could not sue in court

Slaves were property, so Slaves were property, so Congress did not have the Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in any power to ban slavery in any territoryterritory

Therefore, the Missouri Therefore, the Missouri Compromise was Compromise was “unconstitutional”“unconstitutional”

Dred Scott remained a Dred Scott remained a slave slave

Renewed disputes over Renewed disputes over expansion of slavery: expansion of slavery:

CaliforniaCalifornia Traditionally states had entered the union Traditionally states had entered the union

with another state (1 Free state for 1 with another state (1 Free state for 1 Slave). This was done to keep an equal Slave). This was done to keep an equal balance in the senate.balance in the senate.

• California applied to enter the Union.California applied to enter the Union.• Southerners opposed free state status to Southerners opposed free state status to

California because it would upset the California because it would upset the balance of slave and free states balance of slave and free states

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850 Settled most disputesSettled most disputes

California would enter the Union as a free California would enter the Union as a free state (with no complimenting slave state)state (with no complimenting slave state)

The slavery question would be decided by The slavery question would be decided by popular sovereignty in Mexican cession.popular sovereignty in Mexican cession.

Slave trade, but not slavery, would end in the Slave trade, but not slavery, would end in the nationnation’’s capital. s capital.

A stronger fugitive slave law would be passed.A stronger fugitive slave law would be passed.

Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act• Made it a crime to help Made it a crime to help

runaway slaves and runaway slaves and allowed officials to allowed officials to arrest runaway slaves arrest runaway slaves in free areas in free areas

• Slaveholders take Slaveholders take fugitives to fugitives to commissioners. commissioners. Commissioners Commissioners received money for received money for returning slaves. returning slaves.

The Fugitive Slave Act The Fugitive Slave Act more controversy.more controversy.

Reaction to Act Reaction to Act • Immediate Immediate

enforcementenforcement• Thousands of northern Thousands of northern

African Americans fled African Americans fled to Canada in fearto Canada in fear

• Act upset northernersAct upset northerners• Persuaded many to Persuaded many to

join abolitionist causejoin abolitionist cause

Abolitionists used antislavery literature Abolitionists used antislavery literature to promote opposition.to promote opposition.

Northern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to Northern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to gain sympathy for their cause.gain sympathy for their cause.

Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery.Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery. Uncle TomUncle Tom’’s Cabins Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was an by Harriet Beecher Stowe was an

influential antislavery novel published in 1852.influential antislavery novel published in 1852. More than 2 million copies sold within a decade.More than 2 million copies sold within a decade. Still widely read as source about harsh realities of Still widely read as source about harsh realities of

slavery.slavery.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) created two new (1854) created two new

territoriesterritories The act left it up to settlers to decide The act left it up to settlers to decide

whether to become slave states or free whether to become slave states or free statesstates

This is called “Popular Sovereignty”This is called “Popular Sovereignty”

Violence in CongressViolence in Congress Southerners were Southerners were

outraged by a speech outraged by a speech Senator Sumner made Senator Sumner made criticizing Southern criticizing Southern congressmen for congressmen for supporting the supporting the Kansas- Nebraska Act Kansas- Nebraska Act

Rep. Preston Brooks Rep. Preston Brooks savagely beat Sumner savagely beat Sumner with a cane to defend with a cane to defend Southern honorSouthern honor

The beating was so bad that the cane broke and it took 3 ½ years for Sumner to recover

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas Northern and Southern Northern and Southern

settlers both flooded settlers both flooded into Kansasinto Kansas Supporters of slavery Supporters of slavery

invaded an abolitionist invaded an abolitionist town, burned a hotel, town, burned a hotel, looted home and looted home and destroyed newspaper destroyed newspaper pressespresses

Anti-slavery forces Anti-slavery forces retaliated. Led by John retaliated. Led by John Brown, they invaded a Brown, they invaded a pro-slavery town, pro-slavery town, dragged five men from dragged five men from their homes killed themtheir homes killed them

In the Northern states a

growing anti-slavery opinion

demanded the abolition of slavery in

the US

The beginningsThe beginnings

Abolitionists used antislavery literature Abolitionists used antislavery literature to promote opposition.to promote opposition.

Northern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to Northern abolitionists used stories of fugitive slaves to gain sympathy for their cause.gain sympathy for their cause.

Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery.Fiction also informed people about the evils of slavery. Uncle TomUncle Tom’’s Cabins Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was an by Harriet Beecher Stowe was an

influential antislavery novel published in 1852.influential antislavery novel published in 1852. More than 2 million copies sold within a decade.More than 2 million copies sold within a decade. Still widely read as source about harsh realities of Still widely read as source about harsh realities of

slavery.slavery.

Regional Division, Political Regional Division, Political Unrest and the Elections of Unrest and the Elections of

18601860• Growing

political unrest on the slavery issue

• Violent incidents

• Election campaign of 1860

Regional Division, Political Regional Division, Political Unrest and the Elections of Unrest and the Elections of

18601860• Republican

Party (Abraham Lincoln): abolition and stronger central government

• Democratic Party: States should decide on slavery issue (maintaining slavery in the South)

Lincoln-Douglas Lincoln-Douglas DebatesDebates

LINCOLN said…LINCOLN said… A house divided A house divided

against itself cannot against itself cannot standstand

I believe this I believe this government cannot government cannot endure, permanently endure, permanently half slave and half half slave and half free.free.

It will become all one It will become all one thing or all the otherthing or all the other. .

Slavery is a MORAL Slavery is a MORAL ISSUE It is either ISSUE It is either right… or it is wrong.right… or it is wrong.

DOUGLAS said…DOUGLAS said… In the Dred Scott In the Dred Scott

Decision, the Decision, the Supreme Court Supreme Court had decided the had decided the issue of slavery issue of slavery foreverforever

Slavery was legalSlavery was legal

Abraham Lincoln ran against Stephen Douglas.

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18601860

The South The South threatened threatened that it would that it would secede if secede if Lincoln was Lincoln was elected.elected.

Lincoln Wins the PresidencyLincoln Wins the Presidency Lincoln won only 40% of the Lincoln won only 40% of the

popular vote… popular vote…

http://www.270towin.com/

One by one, One by one, Southern states Southern states seceded from the seceded from the Union after Union after Lincoln’s electionLincoln’s election

Lincoln and many Lincoln and many northerners northerners refused to accept refused to accept the right of the the right of the south to secede.south to secede.New nation: Confederate States of America

The South SecedesThe South Secedes

The South SecedesThe South Secedes

Lincoln issued Lincoln issued the the Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation Proclamation on January 1, on January 1, 1863 While the 1863 While the Civil War was Civil War was going into its going into its third yearthird year

limited in many ways.limited in many ways. applied only to seceding states applied only to seceding states slavery untouched in loyal border slavery untouched in loyal border

states.states. Most important, the freedom it Most important, the freedom it

promised depended upon Union promised depended upon Union military victory.military victory.

Organize the following by Organize the following by datedate

A- A- The Kansas Nebraska ActThe Kansas Nebraska ActB- Election of Abraham Lincoln B- Election of Abraham Lincoln C- The Dred Scott DecisionC- The Dred Scott DecisionD- The Missouri compromiseD- The Missouri compromiseE- The 1850 compromiseE- The 1850 compromiseF- Start of the Civil WarF- Start of the Civil WarG- The Emancipation ProclamationG- The Emancipation ProclamationH- The American RevolutionH- The American Revolution

R for right W for wrongR for right W for wrong

1- 1- Northerners are state-Northerners are state-

rightersrighters


2-2- The Fugitive Slave act The Fugitive Slave act

condemned fugitve slaves to condemned fugitve slaves to deathdeath


3- 3- Dred Scott won the court Dred Scott won the court

battlebattle


4- 4- Kansas Nebraska Act favored Kansas Nebraska Act favored

popular soverigntypopular soverignty


5- 5- The Emancipation The Emancipation

proclamation resulted in the proclamation resulted in the Civil War Civil War


6- 6- Many African Americans fled Many African Americans fled

to Canada following the to Canada following the Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act

KeysKeys

Organize the following by Organize the following by datedate

H- The American RevolutionH- The American RevolutionD- The Missouri compromiseD- The Missouri compromiseC- The Dred Scott DecisionC- The Dred Scott DecisionE- The 1850 compromiseE- The 1850 compromiseA- The Kansas Nebraska ActA- The Kansas Nebraska ActB- Election of Abraham Lincoln B- Election of Abraham Lincoln F- Start of the Civil WarF- Start of the Civil WarG- The Emancipation ProclamationG- The Emancipation Proclamation


1- W1- W 2- W2- W 3- W3- W 4- R4- R 5- W5- W 6- R6- R

Education

Prelude de the Civil War Lectures 1 & 2