Tendencias y Política Urbana en la OCDE

Javier Sánchez Reaza

Urbanización en el mundo

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1950 1957 1964 1971 1978 1985 1992 1999 2006 2013 2020 2027

Popu

latio

n in

OEC

D co

untr

ies

(bill

ions

)

Wor

ld p

opul

ation

(bill

ions

)

World urban population World rural population OECD urban population OECD rural population

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

Urbanización en el mundo

—

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Urb

an p

opul

atio

n (T

hous

ands

)

China India United States of AmericaBrazil Russian Federation JapanMexico Germany United KingdomFrance South Africa

China

India

USA

Brazil

from 1970-2010, China's urban population will have grown by 281%

168%

60%

153%

Source: UN World Ubanization Prospects

Urbanización y densidad

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

Crecimiento Urbano en la OCDEPaíses con un crecimiento urbano positivo

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

Crecimiento Urbano en la OCDEPaíses con un crecimiento urbano negativo

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

Crecimiento Urbano en la OCDEPaíses con un crecimiento urbano sin tendencia clara

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

Crecimiento Urbano en la OCDE

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

-2% -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

HungaryCzech Republic

PolandSlovak Republic

IcelandLuxembourg

KoreaGermany

United KingdomBelgium

ItalyJapan

FranceDenmark

NetherlandsGreeceAustria

PortugalSwitzerland

SwedenNorway

SpainUnited States

FinlandIreland

AustraliaCanadaMexico

New ZealandTurkey

Urban Intermediate Rural

Crecimiento Urbano en la OCDE

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy Japan

Korea

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovak Republic

SpainSweden

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

-1.5%

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Ann

ual a

vera

ge u

rban

pop

ulati

on g

row

th r

ate

(199

5-20

05)

Urban share of total population (2005)

OECD

average

Notes: Urban share of total population by country refers to population in urban regions as a proportion of total population.Iceland and Luxemburg were not included in the sample as the OECD Regional Database identifies no predominantly urban (PU) regions in those countries.

Urbanización y crecimiento de la población urbana

Crecimiento y tamano de ciudades

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0.8%

1.0%

-

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Small Medium Large +1,500,000

Annu

al a

vera

ge u

rban

pop

ulati

on g

row

th

rate

(199

5-20

05)

Urb

an p

opul

ation

(200

5)Crecimiento de la población urbana por tamano de la ciudad

This anaiyis carried out using only predominantly urban (PU) areas.Small cities are PUs with population between 100,000 and 500,000 people. Medium-sized cities are PUs with population between 500,000 and 1 million people. Large cities are PUs with population between 1 and 1.5 million people

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

Urban Sprawl

Source: OECD (2008) Environmental Outlook 2030

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

1950 1970 1990 2000

Urb

an a

rea

(km

2 )

OECD Rest of the World BRICs

Suburbanización

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

-2% -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

Pittsburgh

Birmingham

Rhine-Ruhr

Berlin

Leeds

Aichi

Krakow

Frankfurt

Helsinki

Osaka

Warsaw

Prague

Brussels

London

Copenhagen

Tokyo

Stockholm

Hamburg

Paris

Cleveland

Munich

Zurich

Philadelphia

Busan

Milan

Oslo

Vienna

San Francisco

St.Louis

Lisbon

Boston

Chicago

Budapest

Portland

Baltimore

Detroit

Mexico City

Istanbul

Puebla

Washington

Monterrey

Tampa Bay

Seoul

Dublin

Houston

Guadalajara

Minneapolis

Atlanta

Denver

Dallas

metro region BELT Metro-region CORE

Urbanización e ingreso

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

ItalyJapan

KoreaMexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovak Republic

Spain

Sweden

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000

Urb

an sh

are

of to

tal p

opul

ation

(200

5)

per capita GDP in current prices and PPP (2005)

OECD average

OECD

average

Urbanización y crecimiento

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000

Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GD

P an

nual

ave

rage

gro

wth

rate

(199

5-20

05))

per capita GDP (2005)

Tamano y crecimiento

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GD

P an

nual

ave

rage

gro

wth

rate

(199

5-20

05))

ln (Urban population (2005))

Determinantes

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -1E-15 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

DeaguNaples

MontrealBerlin

VancouverLille

ManchesterLeeds

Tampa BayBirmingham

FukuokaValencia

SeoulTorontoKrakow

PhoenixMiami

St.LouisPittsburgh

OsakaBusan

Rhine-RuhrMelbourne

BaltimoreAnkaraDetroit

AucklandCopenhagen

PortlandRandstad-Holland

SydneyIzmir

ZurichTurin

ClevelandDublin

Los AngelesHamburg

PueblaChicago

San DiegoAtlanta

BarcelonaOslo

PhiladelphiaIstanbul

TokyoGuadalajara

AichiHelsinkiBrussels

FrankfurtLyon

StuttgartVienna

DallasDenver

MilanMadrid

New YorkMinneapolis

RomeMunich

HoustonSeattle

StockholmLisbon

Mexico CityBostonAthensLondon

San FranciscoPrague

ParisWashington

BudapestMonterrey

Warsaw

Productivity Employment Participation Demographic

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

DeaguNaples

MontrealBerlin

VancouverLille

ManchesterLeeds

Tampa BayBirmingham

FukuokaValencia

SeoulTorontoKrakow

PhoenixMiami

St.LouisPittsburgh

OsakaBusan

Rhine-RuhrMelbourne

BaltimoreAnkaraDetroit

AucklandCopenhagen

PortlandRandstad-Holland

SydneyIzmir

ZurichTurin

ClevelandDublin

Los AngelesHamburg

PueblaChicago

San DiegoAtlanta

BarcelonaOslo

PhiladelphiaIstanbul

TokyoGuadalajara

AichiHelsinkiBrussels

FrankfurtLyon

StuttgartVienna

DallasDenver

MilanMadrid

New YorkMinneapolis

RomeMunich

HoustonSeattle

StockholmLisbon

Mexico CityBostonAthensLondon

San FranciscoPrague

ParisWashington

BudapestMonterrey

Warsaw

per capita GDP

Innovación

Source: OECD (2010) Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What lessons for China?

PU57%

IN29%

PR14%

Small3%

Medium6%

Large14%

+1,500,00077%

R² = 0.644

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Urb

an p

aten

t sha

re o

f tot

al p

aten

ts (2

005)

Urban share of total population (2005)

Urbanización y contaminación

Source: OECD (2009) Competitive Cities and Climate Change

Urbanización y contaminación

Source: OECD (2009) Competitive Cities and Climate Change

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Czech Republic

Canada

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Japan Korea

Mexico

Netherlands

New ZealandNorway Poland

Portugal

Spain Slovak Republic

Sweden Switzerland

Turkey

UK

United States

0

5

10

15

20

25

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

per c

apita

CO

2 em

issi

ons i

n 20

06 (

t of C

O2

/ po

pula

tion)

Urban share of total population (2005)

Urbanización y contaminación

Source: OECD (2009) Competitive Cities and Climate Change

Australia

Austria Belgium Denmark

Czech Republic

Canada

Finland

France

Germany Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy Japan Korea

Mexico

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovak Republic

Turkey

United States

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

per c

apita

tra

nspo

rt C

O2

emis

sion

s in

2006

(k

g CO

2/ p

opul

ation

)

Urban density in 2005 (population/ km2)

Urbanización y contaminación

Source: OECD (2009) Competitive Cities and Climate Change

-0.02%

-0.01%

0.00%

0.01%

0.02%

0.03%

0.04%

0.05%

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

DS/BS TS/BS

Provisión de infraestructura

Policyresponses

Formación de capital humano

Medio ambientepara negocios

Innovación

Crecimientoregional

A escala regional

Políticas integrales

Gobernanza Metropolitana

Bases tributarias comunes y fondos

redistributivos

Redes Informales (asociaciones, platformas, conferencias)

Agencia Metropolitana

Gobierno Metropolitano

Más FuertesMás Ligeras

•Minneapolis-Saint-Paul• Estocolmo•Grand Paris

• Randstad (Plateform)• Región Urbana de Lyon, •Consejo Regional de Estocolmo-Mälar• Asociaciones: Bilbao 30 Metropolitana, Torino Internazionale• Conferencia Regional (Rhine-Ruhr)

Propósito específico•Muchas ciudades de

Estados Unidos• Cd. de México•Atenas (transport)Propósitos múltiples• Comunidad

metropolitana de Montreal

• Distrito del ‘Greater Vancouver’

• Comunidades de Aglomeración en

Francia

• La Autoridad del ‘Greater London’• Asociación del Stuggart Verband• Metro Portland

•Montreal, Toronto

•Busan/Seoul en los 1950s•Madrid en los

1960s•Melbourne en

los 1990s

Fusión

Coordinación Intermunicipal en Francia

2,286 Municipal communities (Communautés de

communes)~5 200 inhabitants

155 Municipal agglomerations

(Communautés d’agglomération)~ 127 000 inhabitants)

14 Urban communities

(Communautés urbaines)~ 440 000 inhabitants

Gobernanza Metropolitana