A presentation on

Differences in Culture

The Avengers Sl Name ID1. Sarif Ahamed Sawon 1202160342. Md. Sourav Hossain 1202160373. Azaaz Munshi 1202160864. Sagor Chandra Podder 1202160175. Tithi Debnath 1202160966. Jannatul Ferdows 1202160207. Razib Hassan 1302160098. Mizanur Rahman 1202160029. Moyna Akter 12021610. Helena Akter 120216124

Submitted to Israt Afroz Lecturer

Department of Business AdministrationZH Sikder University of Science & Technology

Cross Cultural Literacy Cross-cultural literacy is an understanding of

how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way in which business is practiced

Culture Culture is a system of values and norms that are

shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.

o Values are abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable

o Norms are the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations

Society refers to a group of people who share a common set of values and norms

o Folkways - the routine conventions of everyday life

o Mores - norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life

How Are Culture, Society, And The Nation State Related?

The relationship between a society and a nation state is not strictly one-to-one

Nation-states are political creations o can contain one or more cultures

A culture can embrace several nations

The Determinants of Culture

Culture norms and

values system

Religion

Political Philosoph

y

Economic

Philosophy

Education

Language

Social Structure

Social structure refers to a society’s basic social organization

What Is Social Stratification

Social stratification means the stratification of societies on hierarchical basis into social categories or social strata.

To stratified society we must consider:

Social Mobility: - The extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born

Caste System Class System

How Do Religious And Ethical Systems Differ

Religion:o Christianityo Islamo Hinduismo Buddhism

Ethical systems:

What Is Christianity?

o The Protestant work ethic (Max Weber, 1804) • hard work, wealth creation, and frugality is

the driving force of capitalism

What Is Islam?

o The world’s second largest religiono extends the underlying roots of Christianity to

an all-embracing way of life that governs one's being

o Islamic fundamentalism is associated in the Western media with militants, terrorists, and violent upheavals, but in fact Islam teaches peace, justice, and tolerance

What is Hinduism?o Practiced primarily on the Indian sub- continent.

About 750 millions people follow it.o Focuses on the importance of achieving spiritual

growth and development.o Believes in reincarnation or rebirth into a different

body after death.

What is Buddhism?o About 350 millions people follow it.o Does not emphasize wealth creation.o Entrepreneurial behavior is not stressed.

What is confucianism?o Confucianism build up a comprehensive ethical

code that set down guidelines for relationships with other.

o Its performing personal salvation through right-action.

o Three main techniques of Confucianism is Loyalty, Reciprocal obligations and Honesty.

Criticism of Hofstede’s Dimensions

Hofstede’s work has been criticized because

o One-to-one relationship between culture and the nation-state

o study may have been culturally bound

Criticism of Hofstede’s Dimensions

o Used IBM as sole source of information

o Culture is not static – it evolves

What Do Cultural Differences Mean For Managers? It is important to develop cross-cultural literacy

There is a connection between culture and national competitive advantage

A group is an association of two or more people who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other’s behavior Individualism: This kind of people are emphasis own their achievement.

How are Individuals and groups Different?

In Western societies, there is a focus on the individualo individual achievement is common o dynamism of the U.S. economyo high level of entrepreneurship

> But creates a lack of company loyalty and failure to gain company specific knowledge

How are Individuals and groups different?

In many Asian societies, the group is the primary unit of social organization o discourages job switching between firmso encourages lifetime employment systems

But might also suppress individual creativity intitative

The Role Of Education In Culture

Formal education is the medium through which individuals learn many of the language, conceptual, and mathematical skills that are indispensable in a modern society

How Does Culture Impact The Workplace:

Management processes and practices must be adapted to culturally-determined work-related values

Geert Hofstede identified four dimensions of culture1. Power distance - how a society deals with the fact

that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities

2. Individualism versus collectivism - the relationship between the individual and his fellows

3. Uncertainty avoidance - the extent to which different cultures socialize their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating ambiguity

4. Masculinity versus femininity -the relationship between gender and work roles