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PREVENTION OF PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASESCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to animal or from the environment (air, dust, soil ,water, food) to man or animal.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
DYNAMICS OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
A. DIRECT TRANSMISSION
B. INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Direct Contact
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Direct Contact
• Skin to Skin.
• Mucosa to Mucosa.
• Mucosa to Skin.
Of the same person or different Person.
E.g.-STD, AIDS, leprosy, skin and eye infections.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Direct Contact
• Droplet Infection
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Direct Contact
• Droplet Infection
Direct Projection of a spray of droplets of saliva and naso-pharyngeal secretions during coughing, sneezing or speaking
to the surrounding atmosphere.
Eg: Respiratory infections, diphtheria, whooping cough, TB,
Meningococcal meningitis.
Droplet Sprayed into the Air from a Sneeze
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Direct Contact
• Droplet Infection
• Contact with Soil
Eg: Hookworm larva, Tetanus.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Direct Contact
• Droplet Infection
• Contact with Soil
• Inoculation into skin or mucosa
Eg: Rabies, infected needles.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Direct Contact
• Droplet Infection
• Contact with Soil
• Inoculation into skin or mucosa
• Tran placental (vertical)
Eg: TORCH agents, syphilis, HBV, AIDS
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
Traditionally 5F’s
FliesFingerFomiteFoodFluids
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Vehicle-borne.Water (MC)Food IceBlood, Serum, PlasmaTissues and organs
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Vehicle-borne.
• Vector-borne.
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Vehicle-borne.
• Vector-borne.
• Air-borne.
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Vehicle-borne.
• Vector-borne.
• Air-borne.
• Fomite-borne.
Inanimate article or substances other than water or food contaminated by infectious agents
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Vehicle-borne.
• Vector-borne.
• Air-borne.
• Fomite-borne.
• Unclean hand and finger.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PREVALENT IN INDIA
Respiratory infectionsRespiratory infections::
• Chicken pox.Chicken pox.
• Measles.Measles.
• Mumps.Mumps.
• Rubella.Rubella.
• InfluenzaInfluenza ..
• Diphtheria.Diphtheria.
• Meningitis.Meningitis.
• Whooping Cough.Whooping Cough.
• ARI.ARI.
• TB.TB.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PREVALENT IN INDIA
Intestinal Infections:Intestinal Infections:
• Poliomyelitis.Poliomyelitis.
• Viral hepatitis.Viral hepatitis.
• Acute diarrhealAcute diarrheal
disease.disease.
• Typhoid fever.Typhoid fever.
• Cholera.Cholera.
• Food poisoning.Food poisoning.
• Amoebiasis.Amoebiasis.
• Taeniasis.Taeniasis.
• Ascarasis.Ascarasis.
• Hookworm infestation.Hookworm infestation.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PREVALENT IN INDIA
Arthropod-borne Diseases• MalariaMalaria
• Dengue.Dengue.
• Filariasis.Filariasis.
Zoonosis:Viral
• Rabies.Rabies.
• JE.JE.
• Avian flu.Avian flu.
Bacterial
• Leptospirosis.Leptospirosis.
• Brucellosis.Brucellosis.• Human salmonellosisHuman salmonellosis..
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PREVALENT IN INDIA
Surface Infections:• TrachomaTrachoma
• TetanusTetanus
• LeprosyLeprosy
• AIDSAIDS
• STDSTD
Hospital Acquired Infections.
Decrease your risk of infectious diseases by understanding how they spread and how
you can protect yourself.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Wash your hands often:
Disease Prevention And Control
Disease Prevention And Control
• Wash your hands often:
This is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Wash your hands often.
• Get vaccinated.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Wash your hands often.
• Get vaccinated.
Immunization can drastically reduce the chances of contracting many diseases.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Wash your hands often.
• Get vaccinated.
• Use antibiotics sensibly.
• Only take antibiotics when necessary.
• If they're prescribed, take them exactly as directed — don't stop taking them early because your symptoms have gone away.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Wash your hands often.
• Get vaccinated.
• Use antibiotics sensibly.
• Stay at home if you have signs and symptoms of an infection.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Wash your hands often.
• Get vaccinated.
• Use antibiotics sensibly.
• Stay at home if you have signs and symptoms of an infection.
• Be smart about food preparation.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Wash your hands often.
• Get vaccinated.
• Use antibiotics sensibly.
• Stay at home if you have signs and symptoms of an infection.
• Be smart about food preparation.
• Pay special attention to cleaning the 'hot zones' in your home.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Don't share personal items.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Don't share personal items. Use your own
• Toothbrush
• Comb
• Razor blade.
• Avoid sharing drinking glasses or dining utensils.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Don't share personal items.
• Travel wisely.
Disease Prevention And Control
• Don't share personal items.
• Travel wisely.
• Keep your pets healthy.
ROLE OF DOCTORS IN PREVENTING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
a) Controlling the reservoir
a. Early Diagnosis Precise treatment Epidemiological Investigation- study time place & person
distribution of the disease and For institution of prevention and control measures.
b.Notification
c. Isolation
d. Quarantine
ROLE OF DOCTORS IN PREVENTING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
b) Interruption of transmission
“Breaking the chain of Transmission”
c) Susceptible Host
a. Active immunization.
b. Passive Immunization
c. Combined Active and passive immunization.
d) Non-specific measures Better housing, water-supply, sanitation. nutrition and
education. Legislative measures- to formulate and effective
implementation of measures.
