PRINT

MAKING

Printmakingis the process of

making artworks by printing,normally on paper.

it gives multiple original copies.Print is a shape made from a plate

orstone or other object that is coveredwith ink and then it is pressed on to

aflat surface like paper.

Print Known as IMPRESSION.

Created by transferring ink from a matrix or through a prepared screen to a sheet of paper or other material. May also be printed in book form.

Print making seems to have originated in Chinaand started in Europe started around the 6th century.

In the early stages of print making, it was not considered an art form but by the 18th century art prints began to be considered as originals and in 19th century artists began to produce limited editions along with the technical information to authenticate the work.

Basic Categories of Printmaking

Intaglio Stencil

Relief Plano graphic

Intaglio

INTAGLIOwhere ink is applied

beneath the original surface of the matrix. Opposite of relief.Intaglio technique:  Engraving  Etching Mezzotint Aquatint Dry point

Engraving 

Engraving This is done using a tool

called burin. It is a harder skill to learn. the metal burin is pushed through the metal to make the image. The deeper the burin is pushed the wider the lines get. The lines formed above the surface are then scraped off.

To make a print, the engraved plate is inked all over, then the ink is wiped off the surface, leaving only ink in the engraved lines. The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it).

This process can be repeated many times; typically several hundred impressions (copies) could be printed before the printing plate shows much sign of wear, except when drypoint, which gives much shallower lines, is used.

The process was developed in Germany in the 1430s from the engraving used by goldsmiths to decorate metalwork. The burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges.

In the 20th century, true engraving was revived as a serious art form by artists including Stanley William Hayter whose Studio 17 in Paris and New York City became the magnet for such artists as Pablo Picasso, Alberto Giacometti, Mauricio Lasansky and Joan Miró.

"Melencolia I",

engraving by Albrecht Dürer, one of the most important

printmakers.

Mezzotint 

Is a method of engraving areas of tone rather than lines. It is the first tonal method to be used. Mezzotint achieves tonality by roughening the plate with thousands of little dots through a metal tool with small teeth called a rocker. A good quality and richness in the print can be achieved.

Mezzotint 

An intaglio variant of engraving in which the image

is formed from subtle gradations of light and shade.

Mezzotint— from the Italian mezzo ("half") and tinta

("tone")—is a "dark manner" form of printmaking, which

requires artists to work from dark to light.

To create a mezzotint, the surface of a copper printing plate is roughened evenly all over with the aid of a tool known as a rocker; the image is then formed by smoothing the surface with a tool known as a burnisher.

The mezzotintprintmaking method was invented by Ludwig von Siegen (1609–1680). The process was used widely in England from the mid-eighteenth century, to reproduce oil paintings and portraits.

The Fruit Peeler, Waller ant Valliant

Head of a Man Wearing a Turban, 1760 by Thomas Frye

Etching 

The process is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer (circa 1470-1536) of Augsburg, Germany, who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to printmaking.

Etching

An etching is opposite of a woodcut in that the raised portions of an etching remain blank while the crevices hold ink. In pure etching, a metal (usually copper, zinc or steel) plate is covered with a waxy or acrylic ground. The artist then draws through the ground with a pointed etching needle.

The plate itself is covered

with wax and the artist

draw with a sharp needle

like instrument. This is then

exposed to acid which then

eats through the metal

leaving lines in the plate.

The plate is then dipped into acid (e.g. nitric acid or ferric chloride). The acid bites into the surface of the plate where it was exposed. Biting is a printmaking term to describe the acid’s etching. After plate is sufficiently bitten, the plate is removed from acid bath, and ground is removed to prepare for the next step in printing.

Artists using this technique include 

Albrecht Dürer,  Rembrandt,  Francisco Goya, Whistler,  Otto Dix, James Ensor,   Edward Hopper,  Käthe Kollwitz, Pablo Picasso, Cy Twombly,  Lucas van Leyden,  Carlos Alvarado Lang.

The Three

Crosses, etching 

byRembran

dt

Aquatint 

Aquatint Aquatint is a form of engraving

with acid on a plate to some extent covered with varnish that produces a print somewhat similar to a watercolor. The plate is capable of holding ink and it is passed through printing press along with a sheet of paper which leaves an engraved image on the paper.

Like etching, aquatint technique involves the application of acid to make marks in a metal plate. Where the etching technique uses a needle to make lines that retain ink, aquatint relies on powdered rosin which is acid resistant in the ground to create a tonal effect. The rosin is applied in a light dusting by a fan booth, the rosin is then cooked until set on the plate.

At this time the rosin can be burnished or scratched out to affect its tonal qualities. The tonal variation is controlled by the level of acid exposure over large areas, and thus the image is shaped by large sections at a time.

Francisco Goya used aquatint for most of his prints.

"The sleep of Reason creates monsters", aquatint and etching by Francisco Goya

The Giant, Francisco de Goya y Lucientes

The Russian Dance, 1769Jean-Baptiste Le Prince

Dry point 

A variant of engraving, done with a sharp point, rather than a v-shaped burin. While engraved lines are very smooth and hard-edged, drypoint scratching leaves a rough burr at the edges of each line. This burr gives drypoint prints a characteristically soft, and sometimes blurry, line quality.

Dry point 

The technique appears to have been invented by the Housebook Master, a south German fifteenth century artist, all of whose prints are in drypoint only. Among the most famous artists of the old master print: Albrecht Dürer produced 3 drypoints before abandoning the technique; Rembrandt used it frequently, but usually in conjunction with etching and engraving.

Maternal Caress, 1891Mary Cassatt

The Three Tress, Rembrandt (Rembrandt van Rijn)

Stencil

where ink or paint is pressed through a prepared screen.

Dry point technique: Screen printing

 Pochoir

Stencil 

Screen printing 

Screen printing (occasionally known as “ silkscreen“ , or “serigraphy“ ) creates prints by using a fabric stencil technique.

SCREEN PRINTING 

It is generally originated in China. It involves the process of allowing ink to pass through different areas until the final composite image is achieved.

Screen printing 

The ink is simply pushed through the stencil against the surface of the paper, most often with the aid of a squeegee. Generally, the technique uses a natural or synthetic 'mesh' fabric stretched tightly across a rectangular 'frame,' much like a stretched canvas.

The fabric can be silk, nylon monofilament, multifilament polyester, or even stainless steel. Unlike many other printmaking processes, a printing press is not required, as screen printing is essentially stencil printing.

Screen printingMaterial 

Caviar beads 

Is a glue that is printed in the shape of the design, to which small plastic beads are then applied.

Caviar beads 

Cracking Ink 

Cracking ink effect is when the ink procedures an intentional cracked surface after drying.

Cracking Ink 

Is the use to printed colors onto dark background fabrics, they work by removing the dye of the garments , this means they leave a much softer texture.

Discharge Inks 

Discharge Inks 

Is an additive to plastic inks which raises the print of the garment, creating a 3D feel and look to the design. Mostly used when printing on apparel.

Expanding Ink (puff) 

Expanding Ink (puff) 

Consist of a glue printed onto the fabric and then flock material is applied for a velvet touch.

Flocking 

Flocking 

Is much like flock, but instead of a velvet touch and look it has a reflective/mirror look to it.

Foil 

Foil 

Is when the art work is created and then separated into four colors (CMYK) which combine to create the full spectrum of colors needed for photographic prints.

Four color process or the CMYK color model 

Four color process or the CMYK color model 

Is when metallic flakes become an additive in the ink base to create this sparkle effect- Usually available in gold or silver but can be mixed to make most colours.

Glitter/ Shimmer 

Glitter/ Shimmer 

Is when a clear base laid over previously printed inks to create a shiny finish.

Gloss 

Gloss 

Metallic 

Is similar to glitter, but smaller particles suspended in the ink.

A glue is printed onto the fabric, then nano-scale fibers applied on it.

Metallic 

Is highly reflective, solvent based ink.

Mirrored silver 

Mirrored silver 

Is a special ink additive for printing onto technical or water proof fabrics.

Nylobond 

Nylobond 

Is the most common ink used in coomercial garment decoration.

Plastisol inks require heat (approximately 150 oC (300 oF )

Plastisol  

Plastisol  

Is relatively new breed of ink and printing with the benefits of plastirol but without the two main toxic components. It also has a soft texture.

PVC and Palate free  

PVC and Palate free  

Is a milky colored additive that is added to plastisol have a suede feel.

Suede Ink  

Suede Ink  

These penetrate the fabric more than the plastisol inks and create a much colored garments.

Water-base Ink  

Water-base Ink  

Screen printing 

T-shirt, 1975–77Vivienne

Westwood

Example of sreen

print

Roofs and Sky, 1939Louis Lozowick

S

Pochoir 

is a direct method of hand coloring throughout a stencil. This technique involves spray-painting which is done around a three-dimensional object to create a pessimistic of the object instead of an activist of a stencil design.

Pochoir

Pochoir

A pochoir print of Matisse’s “Polynesia”From Henri Matisse: Les Nus bleus III, published by

Bernard Chauveau Editeur

Illustration (plate 4) by E. A. Séguy (1889-1985)

Foil imaging 

A printmaking technique made using the Iowa Foil Printer, developed by Virginia A. Myers from the commercial foil stamping process.

This uses gold leaf and acrylic foil in the printmaking process.

Foil imaging 

Shoot for the moon by Stephanie Stein

Plano graphic

where the matrix retains its original

surface, but is specially prepared and/or inked to allow for the transfer of

the image. .

Plano graph 

Plano graphic technique:

Lithography mono typing

digital techniques

Lithography 

is a process of printing an image using a stone or metal plate with a smooth flat surface. An image is drawn on the flat surface of limestone or metal plate using a greasy medium.

Lithography 

A technique invented in 1798 by Alois Senefelder and based on the chemical repulsion of oil and water.

Some of the artists who used the technique:

Honoré Daumier Vincent van Gogh George Bellows Pierre Bonnard

Lithography 

Lithography 

The Boxer, Théodore Gericault

Rue Transnonain, April 15, 1834 by Honoré Daumier

La Goulue, Lithograph poster byToulouse-Lautrec

Monotyping 

is done by drawing an image on a smooth and non-absorbent surface. Using a printing press which holds up the ink the image is transferred on to the paper .

Monotyping

The surface, or matrix, was historically a copper etching plate, but in contemporary work it can vary from zinc or glass to acrylic glass. The image is then transferred onto a sheet of paper by pressing the two together, usually using a printing-press.

Monotyping 

Koi and Lily pads

Monotype by Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione,

probably a second impression

Monotype by Jules Henri

Lengrand

Contemporary printmaking 

may include :  * digital printing, *photographic mediums, or a * combination of digital,

*photographic, and * traditional processes.

Digital printing 

Refers to images printed using a digital printer instead of a traditional printing press.

These images can be printed to a variety of substrates including paper, cloth, or plastic canvas.

Digital printing 

Istvan Horkay, Ralph Goings, Enrique Chagoya

Artist using this technique: 

Pigment- based Ink Printing

Dye- based Ink Printing

Giclée – a neologism coined in 1991 by printmaker Jack Duganne for digital prints made on inkjet printers.

Types of Digital Printing 

ELEMENTS OF PRINTMAKING

Line - the most basic element for artistic creation. It can be created as a mark that connects two dots and comes in all shapes, sizes, and is infinitely manipulable.

Shape - the form that a combination of lines take, resulting in the subject of the image.

Form - the 3-D version of a shape and can be measured by height, width and depth.

Space- determines the way that objects relate to each other within the artwork, it’s the location on which the elements are placed.

Color- created by the way our eye interprets light and has a huge impact on the way a piece is interpreted by the audience.

Texture -the illusion of a tactile surface that is achieved in 2-D format.