PROCESSORS

submitted to

DR. NAHLA EL-HAGGAR

Is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s [1]. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the

processor

integrated circuit( IC )allowed a large number of transistors to be manufactured on a single semiconductor-based die, or "chip." At first only very basic non-specialized digital circuits such as NOR gates were miniaturized into ICs. CPUs based upon these "building block" ICs are generally referred to as "small-scale integration" (SSI) devices. SSI ICs, such as

the ones used in the Apollo guidance computer

Discrete transistor and Integrated Circuit CPUs:

advanced, an increasing number of transistors were placed on ICs, thus decreasing the quantity of individual ICs needed for a complete CPU.

MSI and LSI (medium- and large-scale integration) ICs increased transistor counts to hundreds, and then thousands

 

microelectronic technology

In computer architecture, a processor register (or general purpose register) is a small amount of storage available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed

more quickly than storage available elsewhere .

 

Most, but not all, modern computers adopt the so-called load-store architecture

 

. A common property of computer programs is locality of reference: the same values are often accessed repeatedly; and holding these frequently used values in registers improves program execution performance.

 

Processor registers are at the top of the memory hierarchy, and provide the fastest way for a CPU to access data. The term is often used to refer only to the group of registers that are

directly encoded as part of an instruction, as defined by the instruction set.

Processor register

 The table shows the

number of registers of several mainstream architectures

The Process•Process is a program in execution .a process is more than the program code which is known sometimes as a text section.

•It also includes the current activity, as represented by the value of the program counter & the contents of the processor's registers.

•Process generally includes the process stack,which contains temporary data (such as method parameters ,return addresses,local variables),and data section,which contains global variables.

The Process

•We emphasize that a program by itself is not a process; a program a passive entity, such as the contents of a file stored on disk, whereas a process is an active entity , with a program counter specifying the next instruction to execute and a set of associated resources.

Process State•As a process executes ,it changes state .The State of a process is defined in part by the current activity of the process. Each process may be in one of the following states :

1.New : The process is being created.2.running: Instructions are been executed.

3.waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur(such as an I/O completion or reception of a signal).

4.Reading: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor.

5.Terminated: The process has finished execution.

Process Control Block:

A Process Control Block (PCB, also called Task Controlling Block or Task Struct) is a data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information needed to manage a particular process. The PCB is "the manifestation of a process in an operating system".

Included information :The identifier of the process ( process identifier , or PID )

Register values for the process including, notably, the program counter and stack pointer values for the process.

The address space for the process

Priority (in which higher priority process gets first preference. e.g., nice value on Unix operating systems)

Process accounting information, such as when the process was last run, how much CPU time it has accumulated, etc.

Pointer to the next PCB i.e. pointer to the PCB of the next process to run

I/O Information (i.e. I/O devices allocated to this process, list of opened files, etc.)

CPU switches from process to process:

Location of the PCB

Since PCB contains the critical information for the process, it must be kept in an area of memory protected from normal user access. In some operating systems the PCB is placed in the beginning of the kernel stack of the process since that is a convenient protected location.

Threads: The implementation of threads and processes differs from one operating system to another, but in most cases, a thread is contained inside a process. Multiple threads can exist within the same process and share resources such as memory, while different processes do not share these resources

Process scheduling:

Scheduling refers to the way processes are assigned to run on the available CPUs, since there are typically many more processes running than there are available CPUs. This assignment is carried out by soft wares known as a scheduler and dispatcher.

Scheduling Queue:

Job queue – set of all processes in the system.

Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and waiting to execute.

Device queues – set of processes waiting for an I/O device.

Process migration between the various queues.

Queuing Diagram:

Representation of Process Scheduling

The history of the ARM processors from their beginnings as the proprietary solution for a particular set of problems in a particular company to their current status as a highly successful, flexible and customizable set of processors available on the open market.

Founded in November 1990.Spun out of Acorn Computers.

Designs the ARM range of RISC processor cores.

Also develop technologies to assist with the design-in of the ARM architecture.

Software tools, boards, debug hardware, application software, bus architectures, peripherals etc.

ARM Processors

I/O

System Design16 Bit RAM

8 Bit ROM

nIRQ nFIQ

32 Bit RAM

Interrupt

Controller

ARMCore

Peripherals

High performance for low price The original ARM1 device was intended to power an Acorn computer.

Short design timeOne of ARM Ltd's stated goals is to provide a quick and effective design service to produce custom processors based on ARM macrocells.

High performance for low power consumptionA further advantage of the small size of ARM devices is that they do not consume as much power as other, larger processors.

Easily customized designsThe above factors combine to make the ARM product range extremely flexible. The small size of the ARM processor means that it can easily be combined with its support chips, cache memory, or custom circuitry to make self-contained custom chips. All ARM devices are designed as macrocells, building blocks which can be combined within a single chip.

ARM design objectives

The ARM is a 32-bit architecture.

When used in relation to the ARM:Byte means 8 bits

Halfword means 16 bits (two bytes)

Word means 32 bits (four bytes)

Most ARM’s implement two instruction sets32-bit ARM Instruction Set

16-bit Thumb Instruction Set

Jazelle cores can also execute Java bytecode

Programmer Models

The ARM has seven basic operating modes:

User : unprivileged mode under which most tasks run

FIQ : entered when a high priority (fast) interrupt is raised

IRQ : entered when a low priority (normal) interrupt is raised

Supervisor : entered on reset and when a Software Interrupt instruction is

executed

Abort : used to handle memory access violations

Undef : used to handle undefined instructions

System : privileged mode using the same registers as user mode

The ARM Register Set

fbffbfb

r1

r3

r2

cosr

spsr

r4

r0

r5

r13(sp)

r6

r11

r10

r7

r8

r12

r9

R15(pc)

R14(Ir)

R13(sp)

R14(Ir)

r8

r10

r11

r12

R13(sp)

R14(Ir)

r9

R14(Ir)

R13(sp)

R14(Ir) R14(Ir)

R13(sp)R13(sp)

spsrspsrspsrspsr

Current Visible Registers

Abort Mode

User SVCIRQFIQ Undef

Banked out Registers

ARM has 37 registers all of which are 32-bits long.

1 dedicated program counter1 dedicated current program status register5 dedicated saved program status registers

30 general purpose registers

The current processor mode governs which of several banks is accessible. Each mode can access

a particular set of r0-r12 registersa particular r13 (the stack pointer, sp) and r14 (the

link register, lr)the program counter, r15 (pc)

the current program status register, cpsr

Privileged modes (except System) can also access

a particular spsr (saved program status register)

There is two main companies that produces processors

Intel & AMD

At this presentation we will talk about the processors

And it’s technology starting from Pentium 1 to core i7

That ‘s for the Intel corporation.

And from Athlon to atom processors for the AMD corporation.

Finally we have made a comparison between the two corporations illustrating the difference between the functionality of each processor .

Processors

The Intel processors:-

The famous world wide processors family

The Pentium family is conceder as the most word widely processors

Also called the single-core processor family.

The Intel® Pentium® processor delivers great desktop performance and multitasking.

Consisted of :-

Pentium® I

Pentium® II

Pentium® III

Pentium® IV

The Pentium family(S-processors)

Celeron (single core processor):

Systems based on the Intel® Celeron® processor are ideal for day-to-day computing, whether in the home, classroom, or office

Take basic computing to new levels with dual-core processing. The Intel® Celeron® processor, with 512 KB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side Bus, has two independent processor cores in one physical package running at the same frequency, delivering superior energy efficient dual-core performance.

The Intel® Celeron® processor is also an exceptional value for single-core desktop computing delivering a balanced level of proven technology

 

D-processors

The first processor in the (D-processors) family.

The Intel® Pentium® processor with Intel® dual-core technology delivers great desktop performance, low power enhancements, and multitasking for everyday computing.

Product information :

From 1.98 GHz and 3.06 GHz core speeds

One processing threads

3 MB of Intel® Smart Cache

One channels of DDR2 1333 MHz memory

D-processors (cont’d.) Intel® Dual™ Core Processor

Features and benefits

For dual-core and single-core processing:

Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Enables delivery of more instructions per clock cycle to improve execution time and energy efficiency.

Intel® Smart Memory Access Improves system performance by optimizing the use of the available data bandwidth.

Intel® Advanced Digital Media Boost Accelerates a broad range of multimedia, encryption, scientific and financial applications by significantly improving performance when executing Intel® Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE/SSE2/SSE3) instructions.

Intel® 64² An enhancement to Intel’s 32-bit architecture to enable the processor to access larger amounts of memory.

Execute Disable Bit³ Provides enhanced virus protection when deployed with a supported operating system.

Intel designed thermal solution for boxed processors

Intel boxed processors ship with a thermal solution specifically for this processor designed for maximum thermal and acoustic performance.

For dual-core processing only:

Intel® Advanced Smart Cache The shared L2 cache is dynamically allocated to each processor core based on workload. This increases the probability that each core can access data from fast L2 cache, significantly reducing latency to frequently used data and improving performance.

Multicores processors (M-processors)

The new family of the processors that can handle more than one program at the same time .

Due to its multicore processing system it has two cores inside .

It has three versions :

1- Core™ Duo .

2- Core™ 2Duo .

3- Core™ 2Duo extreme.

Product information:

From 1.98 GHz and 3.06 GHz core speeds

two processing threads

4 MB of Intel® Smart Cache

Two channels of DDR2 1333 MHz memory

M-processors( count’ d.) Intel® Core™ Duo Processor

The same as Intel® Core™ Duo Processor .

But the Centrino is a technology that tells the user that all the chips in the computer are compatible with the processor .

By other words all the chips are Intel smart chips and all are compatible.

This helps to keep processor cool and delivers high performance, low power consumption and ultimate computing speed.

It has anew version called Centrino 2.

M-processors( count’ d.) Intel ® Centrino ™ Processor

The same as core i7 but the deference is in the core i7 structure Intel® HT technology.

That support the speed start which called turbo boast.

That provides the processor to perform from 0% to 100%.

Product information

3.06 GHz, 2.93 GHz, and 2.66 GHz core speed

8 processing threads

8 MB of Intel® Smart Cache

3 Channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory

M-processors( count’ d.) Intel® Core™ 2 Quad Processor

The Intel® Core™ i3 processor family with Intel® HD Graphics delivers a revolutionary new architecture for an unparalleled computing experience.

As the first level in Intel's new processor family, the Intel Core i3 processor is the perfect entry point for a fast, responsive PC experience.

This processor comes equipped with Intel HD Graphics, an advanced video engine that delivers smooth, high-quality HD video playback, and advanced 3D capabilities, providing an ideal graphics solution for everyday computing.

A smart choice for home and office, the Intel Core i3 processor also features Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology¹, which enables each core of your processor to work on two tasks at the same time, delivering the performance you need for smart multitasking. Do not let too many open applications slow you and your PC down. Get smart performance now.

Product information

3.06 GHz and 2.93 GHz core speeds

Four processing threads

4 MB of Intel® Smart Cache

Two channels of DDR3 1333 MHz memory

Intel® Core™ i3 Processor With Intel® HD Graphics

Intel®Core™ vPro™ Processor Family

PCs powered by the new 2010 Intel® Core™ vPro™ processor family adapt to the needs of your business with smart security, cost-saving manageability, and intelligent performance. The Intel Core vPro processor family is designed to keep downtime and desk-side visits to a minimum, enabling remote monitoring, diagnosis, and repair of PCs—even if they are shut down or the OS is unresponsive.¹Intelligent security and manageability on every chipOffering expanded remote manageability, select laptop and desktop PCs—powered by the Intel Core vPro processor family—provide new KVM Remote Control capabilities² along with enhanced data and asset security. Including programmable defense filters that systematically guard against viruses and malicious attacks, the Intel Core vPro processor family helps to automatically protect PCs from tampering or disabling of security software.

A new level of intelligent performance

Unleash the multimedia multitasker within

With intelligent performance that accelerates in response to demanding tasks, such as playing games and editing photos, the Intel® Core™ i5 processor moves faster when you do.

The Intel Core i5 processor automatically allocates processing power where it's needed most.¹ Whether you’re creating HD video, composing digital music, editing photos, or playing the coolest PC games—with the Intel Core i5 processor you can multitask with ease and be more productive than ever.

Product information

Intel® Core™ i5-700 and i5-600 processor series with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology

4 processing threads

Up to 8 MB of Intel® Smart Cache

Intel® HD Graphics on Intel® Core™ i5-600 processor series

2 channels of DDR3 1333 MHz memory

Intel® Core™ i5 Processor

The best desktop processor family on the planet¹Brilliantly fast

With faster, intelligent, multi-core technology that applies processing power where it's needed most, new Intel® Core™ i7 processors deliver an incredible breakthrough in PC performance. They are the best desktop processor family on the planet.¹

You'll multitask applications faster and unleash incredible digital media creation. And you'll experience maximum performance for everything you do, thanks to the combination of Intel® Turbo Boost technology² and Intel® Hyper-Threading technology (Intel® HT technology)³, which maximizes performance to match your workload.

Product information

3.06 GHz, 2.93 GHz, and 2.66 GHz core speed

8 processing threads with Intel® HT technology

8 MB of Intel® Smart Cache

3 Channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory

Intel® Core™ i7 Processor

Hardcore multitaskers rejoice. Fly through everything you do on your PC - from playing intense 3D games to creating and editing digital video, music, and photos. With the high performance platform capabilities of Intel® X58 Express Chipset-based motherboards, along with faster, intelligent multi-core technology that applies processing power dynamically when its needed most, PCs based on the Intel® Core™ i7-980X processor Extreme Edition deliver incredible performance with a rich feature set.

Wield the ultimate gaming weapon for greater performance in 3D gaming applications. Experience smoother and more realistic gaming made possible by distributing AI, physics, and rendering across six cores and 12 threads, bringing 3D to life for the ultimate gaming experience. And take digital content creation to a whole new level for photo retouching and photo editing. Unlock your full potential with Intel’s top-of-the-line desktop processor and experience total creative freedom that’s limited only by your imagination.

Mobile processors familyIntel® Core™ i7 mobile processor Extreme Edition

Intel® Core™ i7-980X processor Extreme Edition

3.33 GHz core speed

Up to 3.6 GHz with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology

6 cores and 12 processing threads with Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology

12 MB Intel® Smart Cache

3 Channels DDR3 1066 MHz memory

32nm manufacturing process technology

Intel® Core™ i7-975 processor Extreme Edition

3.33 GHz core speed

Up to 3.6 GHz with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology

4 cores and 8 processing threads with Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology

8 MB Intel® Smart Cache

3 Channels DDR3 1066 MHz memory

45nm manufacturing process technology

Mobile processors (count’ d.)

Now we compare between

the D-Processors & M-Processors

Finally

Features and benefits Intel® dual-core processing Runs two independent processor cores

in one physical package at the same frequency. Features up to 2 MB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side Bus.

Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Enables delivery of more instructions per clock cycle to improve execution time and energy efficiency.

Intel® Smart Memory Access Improves system performance by optimizing the use of the available data bandwidth.

Intel® Advanced Smart Cache The shared L2 cache is dynamically allocated to each processor core based on workload. This increases the probability that each core can access data from fast L2 cache, significantly reducing latency to frequently used data and improving performance.

Intel® Advanced Digital Media Boost Accelerates a broad range of multimedia, encryption, scientific and financial applications by significantly improving performance when executing Intel® Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE/SSE2/SSE3) instructions.

Intel® 64 architecture¹ An enhancement to Intel’s 32-bit architecture to enable the processor to access larger amounts of memory.

Execute Disable Bit² Provides enhanced virus protection when deployed with a supported operating system.

Intel® designed thermal solution for boxed processors

Intel® boxed processors ship with a thermal solution specifically for this processor designed for maximum thermal and acoustic performance

AMD processors ignite the next generation of solutions for desktops. Whether it’s playing games, cloud computing or editing home videos, enjoy a better experience with AMD multi-core processors.

AMD Processors

AMD Processors

AMD processors include

- AMD Athlon - AMD Athlon 64 - AMD Athlon X2 - AMD Athlon Xp - AMD Duron - AMD Sempron - AMD Turion - AMD Opteron and - AMD Phenom 1

Deliver more sophisticated solutions with the leading-edge technology of AMD Phenom II™ 900 Series processor. Built from the ground up for true quad-core performance, AMD Phenom II 940 processor incorporates 6MB of unified high-speed L3 cache and high-speed DDR2 memory. Speed through complex multitasking, critical business productivity, advanced visual design and modeling and visually stunning digital media and entertainment. Whether it's a single solution or an enterprise system, AMD Phenom II processors have the power to perform.

AMD Phenom II X4 940 Quad Core Processor - OEM

Deliver more sophisticated solutions with the leading-edge technology of AMD Phenom II 1000 Series processor. Built from the ground up for true six core performance, AMD HDT90ZFBGRBOX Phenom II 1090T Black Edition processor incorporates 6MB of unified high-speed L3 cache and high-speed DDR3 memory. Speed through complex multitasking, critical business productivity, advanced visual design and modeling and visually stunning digital media and entertainment. Whether it's a single solution or an enterprise system, the AMD Phenom II 1090T Black Edition processor has the power to perform

AMD Phenom II Black Edition Six Core Processor

AMD Athlon™ X2 dual-core processors put the power of dual-core technology on the desktop. Dual-core processors contain two processing cores, residing on one chip, that perform calculations on two streams of data to increase effi ciency and speed while running multiple programs and the new generation of multi-threaded software. For end-users this means a significant increase in response and performance when running multiple applications simultaneously. Productivity in today’s workplace requires smooth, effi cient and seamless multi-tasking. AMD Athlon™ X2 dual-core processors deliver TRUE multi-tasking, allowing users to switch from one program to another without always pausing for the computer to catch up and reducing annoying processing pauses.

AMD Athlon 64 X2 5200+ Processor

Deliver more sophisticated solutions with the leading-edge technology of AMD Phenom II™ 900 Series processor. Built from the ground up for true quad-core performance, AMD Phenom II 965 Black Edition processor incorporates 6MB of unified high-speed L3 cache and a high-speed DDR2/DDR3 memory controller. Speed through complex multitasking, critical business productivity, advanced visual design and modeling and visually stunning digital media and entertainment. Whether it's a single solution or an enterprise system, AMD Phenom II processors have the power to perform.

AMD Phenom II X4 965 Black Edition Quad Core Processor

Deliver more sophisticated solutions with the leading-edge technology of AMD Athlon II™ 400 Series processor. Built from the ground up for great performance, the AMD Athlon II X3 440 Triple Core Processor incorporates 1.5MB of high-speed L2 cache and high-speed DDR2 or DDR3 memory. Speed through complex multitasking, critical business productivity, advanced visual design and modeling and visually stunning digital media and entertainment. Whether it's a single solution or an enterprise system, AMD Athlon II processors have the power to perform.

AMD Athlon II X3 440 Triple Core Processor

AMD Sempron™ processors for desktops and notebooks offer affordable performance, compatibility with all the applications you need, and the reliability of AMD processors. Compatible with leading operating systems and over 60,000 of the world’s most popular software applications.

Get to fun, faster, with a system that boots and loads applications quickly and easily. Enjoy reliable, responsive performance on thousands of software applications—including those that let you communicate with family and friends.

AMD Sempron™ Processor

Amr Mohammed Abou El-Good Mohammed Magdy Mekki Mohammed Khames Ghazal Eman Abd-ElHamed Ragab Shimaa Hussein Abd-ElHalim

Team Members :