1. Promoting interactionthrough materials designMatthew CoomberRitsumeikan University

2. Jigsaw reading: background Developed in L1 education in1970s (Aronson & Patnoe, 2011) Widely used in EFL/ESLtextbooks Compatible with CLT, TBL,co-operative learning 3. Benefits of co-operative learning enhances student motivation promotes group cohesiveness boosts autonomy magnifies sense of achievement felt onsuccessful task completion (Drnyei, 2001) 4. Collaboration and learningIn order to collaborate, learners must speak to eachother. Through their dialogue, they engage in makingmeaning, and debate the meaning made. (Swain & Lapkin, 2002)We wish to suggest that what occurs in collaborativedialogues is learning. (Swain & Lapkin, 1998)But how much collaboration is reallynecessary in jigsaw reading? 5. Goal structure Individualistic (e.g. a swimmer trying to improve her personal best) Competitive(e.g. opponents in a tennis match) Co-operative (e.g. players in a basketball team) (Jacobs, 1988) 6. Types of co-operative goal structure1) Players workingas individualswithin a team (e.g.cricket, baseball) 7. Jigsaw reading:example Taken from Language Leader Intermediate, p.15 8. Types of co-operativegoal structure2) Players workingas a unit within ateam (e.g. football,basketball) 9. Enhanced jigsaw reading Answering any one question requiresinput from all group members Co-operative dialogue and negotiationof meaning essential for task completion Reasoning gap, rather than informationgap (Prabhu, 1987) Information must be interpreted andconnected, not simply transmitted 10. Reading One: James FinchleyReading Three: Jane Parsons James Finchley is currently a second year student studying International Relations atJane Parsons is a successful marketing executive with a well-known pharmaceuticalthe University of Glasgow. As he has no brothers or sisters, his parents are able to pay for company. In her twenties she was very much a career woman, but when she had her firstmost of his studies, although in order to increase his income he has a part time job as achild she decided to focus more on her family life. She now has four children, the oldest ofbarman. He works on Friday, Saturday and Sunday evening and also has a heavy workloadwhom has just finished school. Tim, Janes husband, is an engineer, and earns just overfrom his course, so has little time for socializing. James is living in a shared house with four 70,000 per year. Although she now only works part time, Janes salary is almost as high asother students two men and two women. Although he enjoys the communal lifestyle, he hasTims, so they are fairly well off. Next month shes taking the kids to visit their Uncle Dannybeen missing his mums cooking. Before starting university, James did volunteer work inin Kenya luckily for Jane her younger sister works as a travel agent, so she could get themBotswana for six months. In the future hed like to work for a development agency, but hesdiscount tickets on British Airways. Most of Janes time is taken up by her kids and her job,worried that the salary will not be good enough. Next Thursday is his 21st birthday, so Jamesso shes been looking forward to just relaxing on the beach during her holiday.has planned a big celebration with his friends and family.Reading Two: Susanna Macdonald Reading Four: Liam MacdonaldSusanna Macdonald was born in London in 1975. She is the youngest of six siblings,Liam Macdonald has recently retired after working as a history teacher for most ofso her home was always very hectic and noisy during her childhood. She has a goodhis adult life. Liam loved his job, and hes been finding it a little difficult to adapt to his newrelationship with all her brothers and sisters, but is particularly close to her youngest brother, lifestyle. Although he receives a reasonable pension (almost 3000 per month) he has to beDanny. Unfortunately, Danny moved to Africa last year, so she hasnt been able to see himmore careful with money than when he was working. Also, he now has so much free timerecently. Susanna works in a travel agency, and was recently promoted to Assistant Branchthat he often feels bored during the day. His kids have all left home, and his wife spends mostManager. She enjoys her work, but feels she is underpaid for the hours she puts in her older of her time doing volunteer work, so Liam is sometimes lonely. Next week, however, hissister, Jane, earns twice as much as she does despite only working three days a week.grandson is turning 21, so Liam is looking forward to the big family party theyre holding forSusanna is single, but bought her own apartment last year and has been enjoying the peacehim. Five of his six children will be coming with their husbands, wives and children. Hes aand quiet compared to her parents home. Although she has a boyfriend, its not really a bit disappointed that his youngest son, Danny, cant be there, but it should be a great eveningserious relationship, and she prefers going out with her friends.even so. 11. 1) Who has been to Africa?a) James b) Susannac) Janed) Liam2) Which person is the oldest?a) Jamesb) Susanna c) Janed) Liam3) Which person lives in the biggest household?a) Jamesb) Susanna c) Jane d) Liam4) Which person has the highest income?a) James b) Susanna c) Jane d) Liam5) What is the relationship between Liam and Jane?6) What is the relationship between Susanna and James? 12. Enhanced jigsaw reading Answering any one question requiresinput from all group members Co-operative dialogue and negotiationof meaning essential for task completion Reasoning gap, rather than informationgap (Prabhu, 1987) Information must be interpreted andconnected, not simply transmitted 13. Step One Warm-up / introductoryexercise Vocabulary preview Mind-mapping Discussion questions Video clip 14. Step Two Expert groupsVary time and rules according to levele.g. no dictionaries/one dictionary pergroup/only English-English dictionary,etc 15. Step Three Jigsaw groups4 or 5 per groupgive second chance to readadjust questions to levele.g. multiple choice options 16. Step Four Follow up activities Grammar exercises Writing tasks Discussion questionse.g.1) Like James Macdonald, most university students in Britain live in shared houses with three or four other students. Each person has their own bedroom, but everyone shares the same kitchen, bathroom and living room.a) What are the good points and bad points of this system?b) Would you like to live in a shared house? Why or why not? 17. Issues and problems Designing tasks is timeconsuming May appear contrived to nativeEnglish speakers Focus is on speaking rather thanreading 18. Conclusion Task design necessitatesinterpretation and negotiation, notjust exchange of information. Learners must use logic andreasoning skills. Input from all group members isnecessary for success. 19. ReferencesAronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (2011). Cooperation in the classroom: The Jigsaw Method. London: Pinter and Martin.Drnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational Strategies in the Language Classroom.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Jacobs, G. (1988). Cooperative goal structure: a way to improve groupactivities. ELT Journal, 42 (2), 97-101.Prabhu, N. (1987). Second language pedagogy: a perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Swain, M. & Lapkin, S. (2002). Interaction and Second Language Learning: Two Adolescent French Immersion Students Working Together. The Modern Language Journal, 82, 320-337.