Proposal for Educational andEngineering Contrivances toExpedite the Achievement of

Millennium Development Goals 2015and Promoting Physical Activity

among School Children

DR. DEVINDER K. KANSALPrincipal, Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education

& Sports Sciences

&

Head, Deptt. of Physical Education & Sports Sciences

(University of Delhi), INDIA

1

Proposal’s Two Aspects

The paper has two issues:

1.

2.

Engineering for poverty eradication &achievement of MDG-2015.

Engineering for Health Promotion & DiseaseEradication by enhancing Physical Activity inschools.

2

Introduction : Commonto BOTH THE ISSUES

Education and Engineering are sine quanon for achieving any goals.

While Education is the art and science ofdeveloping human potentials.

Engineering deals with the application offundamental sciences(mathematics,

physics, chemistry, biology) for designing,developing, operating and managing themechanical and social engines for thebenefit of human beings. 3

Physical Education Defined

Similarly, physical education is the artand science of developingpersonality, promoting health, andpreventing disease by willfuladoption of regular physicalactivity through designed

exercises, sports and behaviorchanges needed for a wellness wayof life, Kansal (2008).

4

Millennium Development Goals 2015(UNO Proclamation, 2000)

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3: Promote gender equality & empower women

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Without Any Contrivance, How? 5

Great Goals without Mapping &Implementational Contrivance

Engineers are needed to assure efficientand scientific method of achievement of

these Goals.

Logically, such great goals need muchbetter plans, designs and development ofengineering contrivances rather than

leaving them to unengineered voluntaryefforts of UNO unaccompanied with any

mapping for achieving the goal in time.6

2nd Storey Prior to 1st Storey

Without mapping the way to solution onpaper in the first place, it is like imaginingto build the 2nd storey of a building prior tobuilding the first storey.

In other words , without any contrivanceUNO is attempting to build castles in the air

as for as Millennium Development Goals-2015 , are concerned.

7

U.N. Resolution 217A(III) withoutImplementational Contrivance

The above conclusion is evidence based.Right of employment has remained deniedto one billion people for the last 60 yearsand will remain so for the next 60000 yearsunless proper mapping is done to utilizethe best natural computers in the world i.e.

the unemployed human beings.

Hence, injustice to these helpless peoplecould be stopped by creating WFA(Centers of Work For All ) .

8

Social Engineeringcan end Poverty

“Recent developments in modern scienceand technology and the application ofthese.…chronic poverty need not be the

inevitable lot of…It is for all of us to findcreative ways and means through

SOCIAL ENGINEERING to realize thepotential available to us.”

Manmohan Singh, PM of India

9

Social Engineering Steps

The social engineering may better help toachieve the first goal of MDG-2015, if it isrestated as,

“Eradication of unemployment andimplementation of „Right to Work‟

especially to the extremely poor with thepurpose of eliminating extreme hunger.”

This is because self- sustainable solutionis a perpetual solution rather thanproviding food and maintaining liability for 10

ever.

RESTATING GOALS(From a redundant list of 8 to that of 2)

MULTIPLICITY is to be removed to give properemphasis to achieve each goal. This leads us to

reorganize 8 goals into 2 following basic goals:-

G1=Work to all unemployed people by honoring“Right to Work” as per proclamation made byUNO in 1948 (This will automatically eradicate

extreme poverty & extreme hunger).

G2=To achieve universal education , healtheducation and physical education. (All 7 goalsmay be included in the objectives of Goal -2)

11

The quantity of food produced &distributed in the world

Food Food ConclusionProduction Distribution

system

20% more More than athan human billion peopleRace can suffer from

consume. chronic hunger.

Contrivances areneeded to improvedistributionstrategy and that

of transport of thefood produced.

In spite of excess food produced, we are unableto eradicate the problem of chronic hunger.

12

Family Planning Non-Effective

The expenditure on family planning(adopted mainly by educated people) hasnot helped to reduce the exponential rateof growth which rather increased from

0.56% in 1911 to 1.95% in 2001. Allunscientific schemes should be modified.

See Ten yearly Population Statistics ofIndia.

13

Ten yearly population statistics of IndiaIndicates unaccounted expenditure (Invalid Method)

Census Population Decade Growth AAEG* PG**year in millions % %Absolute %

1901 238.40 - - - -

1911 252.09 13.69 5.75 0.56 5.75

1921 251.32 -0.77 -0.31 -0.03 5.42

1931 278.97 27.65 11.00 1.04 17.02

1941 318.66 39.68 14.22 1.33 33.65

1951 361.08 42.42 13.31 1.25 51.47

1961 439.23 78.14 21.64 1.96 84.25

1971 548.15 108.92 24.80 2.22 129.94

1981 683.32 135.16 24.66 2.20 186.64

1991 846.42 163.09 23.87 2.14 255.05

2001 1028.74 182.31 21.54 1.95 331.47

* Average Annual Exponential Growth rate (per cent).** Progressive Growth rate over 1901 (per cent) 14

Comparative national demographicstatistics of eight countries

Land Population GDP/ S* I* A*Country Area Density per Capita (%) (%) (%)

(Sq.miles) sq km (US $)

China 3,705,405 136 6800 33.1 52.3 14.6

India 1,269,221 336 3300 51.2 26.6 22.2

Japan 1,45,902 338 31500 74.0 24.7 1.3

Singapore 255 6509 28100 65.0 34.9 0.1

Korea (south) 38321 487 20400 62.2 34.6 3.2

UK 93788 247 30300 72.4 26.6 1.0

Germany 1,37,847 231 30400 69.4 29.4 1.1

USA 3,794,083 30 41800 79.4 19.7 0.9

*S=Services, I=Industry & A=Agriculture.15

Human Resource Unutilized

It is evident from Table-IV that the humanresource has not been properly utilized inChina & India because the gross domesticproduct (GDP) from services is very less inthese highly populated countries ascompared to all other six countries

tabulated.

16

Engineering Improves GDP

In fact, there is no dearth of opportunitiesand resources but a lack of properplanning, mapping & evaluation. For

example, Japan has little resource of land,even then its GDP/capita is very high.Similarly, Singapore has the highestpopulation density per square km but eventhen it has managed quite a high

GDP/capita.

17

No Contrivance for Affirmative Action

Let us now ponder over the following questions:-Is there any open opportunity to the poor to gosomewhere and say I want to work for getting

my food?Is there any agency looking for making synergicuse of knowledge for the benefit of the poor and

weaker sections of our society?.

18

INVOLVING EVERYONE AS A PARTNER

If PIPA (Program on International PolicyAttitudes ) is surveyed by any agency, sayby WPO ( World Public Opinion), we areexpected to find that hardly 0.01% of the

public knows about MDG-2015.

19

‘Work for All’ Centres Needed

From the above facts, it is evident that if allhumans are given work, there will not beany poverty in the world.

(Work for All can easily be engineered andrun on self-sustaining basis in ‘Work forAll’ Centers through the production &sale of essential products by voluntary

workers and unskilled labor).

20

Four quadrants getting varied humanattention and efforts.

MDG-2015 are left to Quadrant -II

Urgent Not Urgent

ImportantImportant& Urgent

I

Important,but noturgent

II

Urgent, but NeitherNot Important not urgent Nor

Important importantIII IV

21

Waste of Public Expenditure

All the above evidences indicate thatproclamations made, expenditures

incurred lack engineering design andscientific approach. For this, we need todevelop some validity testing mechanismbefore incurring public money.

A PRELIMINARY ATTEMPT HAS BEENMADE AND ILLUSTRATED IN THEPRESENT PAPER.

22

Important Gets Quadrant II

Without inventing any contrivance, theMDG-2015 have been restricted toquadrant-II shown and thus do not get anyurgent attention of the majority of thecitizens and the expected achievementsare not made by the set target deadlines.

23

Scientific Approach and Success(Homeostasis as Biological Management System)

Homeostasis must be made more popularand principles of Homeostasis (Sensors -Control System - Response System) forefficacy of the process to achieve set

goals/points.

THE ONLY VALID IMPLEMENTATIONALMECHANISM IS HOMEOSTASIS.

24

Homeostasis Keeping Set Points/Goalsfor Internal Body Environment or the

function of a Thermostat .

25

Basic Contrivance Mechanism

Sensors

Control System reviewsResponse options

Response Selection

ResponseImplementation Plan

Response ImplementedFeedback

26

Use of Homeostasis- the road map of validpublic expenditure

POWER [7]Input

Goal- 1or

Goal-2

P = ProblemO = all OptionsW = What is

best?E = Enact your

planR = Reflect &

revise

strategy

Budget

Valid Feedunit cost Backx No. of

units = SociostatTotal

cost

O

utput

OutputQuantity/ yr x n

yrs = Total

Quantity

27

Budget for Goal 1 Input (NEEDED)

Realistic Govt. Contributions + Donations

Individual Cost = say Rs.50/ day.

No. of Individuals, say 1 Billion x 365/ year

Total Need = 365 x 50 Billion Rupees / year.

Rupees = Name of Indian Currency.

28

Validity testing road map for eradicationof extreme hunger(MDG-1)

Budget

Providing Work to all Extreme Hungry People on priority.

Salary, say, @Rs.50 ($1 approx.) per day to 1 billionworkers.

=50 x 365 Billion Rupees / year i.e. equal to Total Need.

Feedback Sociostat

OUTPUT

Work of each employee produces goods worth sayRs.70/day for 1 billion workers = 70 x 365 Billion rupees / yri.e. more than their salary.

Hence, a self sustainable perpetual budgeting.2

Contrivance-I :Poverty Eradication Research Needed

Research should be carried for improvingsome inexpensive contrivance to provideproductive work of unskilled or simpleskilled nature for which a small duration

training is sufficient per person. E.g. Anyperson can be taught in 1-2 hours to makepaper envelops out of even waste paper orrecycled paper.

30

Contrivance-II :Nationalisation of Essential Jobs Needed

Similarly, we may consider nationalizingthe brick kiln labor and may reserve it onpriority to those people who are at agreater risk of dying due to hunger.

31

Proliferation of Mahatma GandhiSuggested Contrivance

Thus, a work centre where bricks, envelops,cotton thread production (as suggested byMahatma Gandhi‟s contrivance of Charkha andTakli, i.e. simple spinning wheels) or similarother semi-skilled or unskilled jobs‟ centres

could be provided through proper engineeredmapping at each village, town, district or citycentre by adequate distribution of these centres

as per local requirements.

32

MDG 2015 Engineering Needed

Besides advanced research in specializedareas, some research and planning shouldalso be carried for engineering of povertyeradication, illiteracy eradication and forproviding physical education to all children& adults, on professional lines.

33

Search Results forAchievement of MDG-2015

WCECS 2009 Achievement ofMillennium Development Goals 2015 ...

WCECS2009/schedule Contri. toExpedite the Achievement of MDG 2015 India To Focus on Female Literacy:Sonia

Indian commitment to a focus on womenliterate was stressed at a United Nations-

sponsored conference on MDG-2015.34

Issue2:Promotion of P.A. in Schools

INDIA

The departments and faculties of physicaleducation & sports sciences were to bestarted by the year 1986 in each universityin India, but till date in2009, only fiveuniversities have started the faculty whileless than 60 universities have started the

department of physical education.

35

Comparative picture of recommendedand existing time requirement for

physical education in schools in USASchool Recommended

Time(minutes per

week)

Existing Pattern inSchools*

Minutes/ P.E.week Exemption

Elementary 30 to 150 30 to 150 16.7% Schools

Middle 275 80 to 275 25.3% Schools

High 225 Nil to 225 40% Schools

* In addition 50% of Grade I to V and 95% of Grade XI & XII studentsdo not take any Physical Education Course.

36

Recommendations not followed

Table II shows that in spite of therecommendations (resolutions of the

senate and many health promotingagencies), we have not been able to eitherinclude physical education among themandatory core subjects, in all schools orprovide required time duration needed forteaching it.

37

Contradictory Situations Common

Due to the absence of valid engineeringcontrivances, sometimes the two recommendingbodies give contrasting instructions (Fig.3). Forexample, in 1996, Surgeon General in US gavea recommendation to add mandatory regularphysical activity participation, and accordinglyschools were asked by Centre for DiseaseControl (CDC), National Association of Sports &Physical Education (NASPE), PCPFS and theSenate to include the subject of physicaleducation among core subjects from

Kindergarten to grade12.

38

Preliminary proposal of grants sanction contrivanceto monitor physical activity in schools

Requirement of Physical Activity (PA) in Schools [5] based on

(i) NASPE recommendations is 150 minutes to 275 minutes perweek.

(ii) Senate Resolution states, “The congress encourages educationalagencies to provide quality daily physical education programs forall children from Kindgergarten through Grade 12”

Communication of Recommendations to all Schools

Schools‟ Mandatory FeedbackAuto Monitoring of Public Funds, Grants etc.

Exemptions to PA not allowed without prior approval of grantingagencies, stake holders etc.

Allocation of Grants39

Unsavvy School Councils

But the respective curriculum councilsrecommended five core subjects (without

including physical education) namely English,Mathematics, Science, History & PoliticalScience in schools of many states [5]. EvenHealthy People 2010 and MDG 2015 are facing

the same fate of non achievement of goals intime due to dependency on multiplicity ofagencies not using any engineered sociostat.

40

Preliminary Contrivance Design

GOAL

Objectives

Objective-1

Education &PublicityAwareness,

Inclusion in coresubject contents

Obj Objecti ective- ve-2 n

Budgeting foreach objective

Requirement of unitachievement

X number of units = TotalRequirement of

Expenditure.

Resources Available, Gaps Sharpening thein Resources, Imagination saw throughto fill the gap. R & D.

Mandatory Feedback41

HEALTHY PEOPLE -2010

Proposed Objective 8.5 Objective 8.4: Health Education in Schools

Objective 8.5: Health Education in Colleges Schools have more influence on the lives of youth than

any other social institution except the family. In theUnited States, for approximately 190 days per year, 48million youth attend the almost 110,000 elementary andsecondary schools for about six hours of classroom time

per day. More than 95% of all youth ages 5-17 areenrolled in school. Daily attendance averages 90%.

42

Management Engineering Missing

Four, Creation of (ME)2 Centers i.e. Anengineering unit of establishing Management of

holistic Education and standardizingMeasurement and Evaluation methods in

academics by developing appropriatecontrivances. The author has recommended theconcept of a sociostat to give scientific approachto economize the public expenditure.

43

Inappropriate Engineering ofPrimary Education

The major goals of primary education areto establishing foundations in science,geography, history and other socialsciences.

No consideration is being given toengineer foundation of compulsory healtheducation by better emphasis on the

relation between physical activity andone‟s health.

44

FRESH = Focusing Resources onEffective School Health

This tool sets out the preamble and 30Articles contained in the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights that

recognizes that the inherent dignity andthe equal and inalienable rights of allmembers of the human family is thefoundation of freedom, justice and peacein the world. Teachers could use this toolin their classes to inform their studentsabout the human rights.

45

Unengineered Main ImplementationalClauses Overshadowed

United Nations Resolution 217A(III)proclaiming a Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights with 30 Articles. Such a

large list has reduced the weightage ofmain Practical four Articles (Article-23),(Article-25), (Article-26) and (Article-29)

which need to be prioritized forengineering the implementation.

46

Articles Priorities Engineered

Article-23 : Right to get work atleast to earn moneyfor his family‟s meals and education.

Article-25 : Right to Health & Well-being of familyas well as to food, clothing, housing, medical

care & necessary social security in the event ofunemployment.

Article-26 : Right to Education (with FreeElementary Education).

Article-29 : Everyone must perform Duties tocommunity allowing for fully PersonalityDevelopment (by serving others)s

47

Unengineered Core Components

This information supports CoreComponent #3 of the FRESH

framework for effective schoolhealth: skills-based health

education. It will have a greaterimpact if it is reinforced by

activities in the other threecomponents of the framework.

Hence, no emphasis to PhysicalActivity.

48

Expert Committees Needed

The following four steps are also recommended. One,creation of‘WWFA’ i.e. Workshops of Work For Allpreferably, managed by utilizing the right humanresources being altruistic non government organizationsand religious bodies. Two, creation of CAKEs i.e.Centres of Application of Knowledge already Existing.Three, valid measurement & evaluation to be appliedthrough Experts Committee or Courses Development

Council. A CAKE may also work to utilize the art andscience of compiling existing knowledge for expeditious

achievement of millennium development goals bysharpening the saw of implementation processes.

49

Unengineered Education : NotEffective for Health & Happiness

Education people biased for cognitivedomain are misleading the masses andnations on Health Education Corecomponents by not including emphasis onregular physical activity and withoutPhysical Education Component in it.

50

“It should not matter who said it ,whatreally matters is what is said .Is it selfish orfor helping all or deprived people?”

DK Kansal , 19.10.2009.

VIPs may have some discretionary powersto use public money, but when it counts formillions of dollars, the decision should

have evidence or a scientific proof for thevalidity of such an expenditure. This callsfor validity establishing engineering wing.51

Thanks!