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Diagrams of different types of protozoa
Amoeba Shelled amoeba
Flagellates Ciliates – suctoria
Ciliates – peritrichus Heliozoanes
Protozoan life styles
Free living vs. symbiosis Photosynthetic(autotrophy) Combinations(hetrotrophy) Absorb solutes(osmotrophy) Ingest particulates(phagotrophy)-
predation on bacteria and other protozoa.
Pinocytosis (fluid uptake)
Free living forms Factors affecting distribution of free living
forms Nacl concentration, pH, Temperature, Oxygen requirements.
FREE LIVING FORMS
Nutrition --free living forms – phagocytosis of
particulate matter. --Complex nutritional needs. --All are chemoheterotrops . --Storage products –glycogen , starch and
lipids.
symbiosis•One organism lives on other organism , called the host.eg.-cuckoo(koel) and the crow. •The host is harmed, but usually survives.
Parasitism
•One organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed.•Example-Orchid growing on a mango tree.
Commensalism
•Both organisms are benefited from the relationship.•Example-association of fungus and algae.
Mutualism
Pinocytosis , osmotrophy
Osmotrophy is the uptake of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis for nutrition
Pinocytosis, a process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells. It is a process by which cells engulf external substances, gathering them into special membrane-bound vesicles contained within the cell. In pinocytosis, rather than an individual droplet of liquid traveling passively through the cell membrane, the droplet first becomes bound, or adsorbed, on the cell membrane, which then invaginates (forms a pocket) and pinches off to form a vesicle in the cytoplasm.
Asexual
1. Fission - characterized by division of the body into two or more
parts, each of which develops into a complete individual. 2. Budding - self supportive cell sprouts from & detaches from the
parent organism.3. Schizogony - a multiple fission type; the nucleus undergoes multiple
divisions before the cell divides.
Sexual1. Conjugation - the simplest form of reproduction. Two single-celled
organisms link together, exchange genetic information, & then separate.
- Reproduction -
Schizogony
conjugation
Conjugation in Protozoa is a two-way process, genetic material is passed between each conjugant.
The process of union of two gametes to form a zygote. It involves both plasmogamy and karyogamy.
The macroconjugants resemble the normal feeding individuals.
The microconjugants resemble the swarmers, although smaller.
Conjugation
Life stages of protozoa
The life stages of protozoa are:-1. Cyst – latent survival form.2. Trophozoite - The active motile stage of
protozoan parasite or active pathogenic vegetative state.
Encystment
- Some protozoa are coated with a protective capsule called cyst.
Cyst permits organism to survive when food & oxygen are lacking or when temperature is not suitable & toxic chemicals are present.
- Cyst is a reproductive structure in which new cells are produced asexually.
- The breaking of cyst is called excystation.
CystTropozoites
It is the only photogenic amoeba found in the animal intestine.
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery.
Protozoan Disease of Nervous System
African
Trypanosomiasis It is named as
sleeping disease that is caused by tyrpanosoma brucei gambience & trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-flagellates that are injected by tsetse fly.
Question
Do all mosquito bite human beings ?
Both males and females obtain some nutrition from flower nectar, but it is only the females that feed on blood to acquire the extra protein boost needed to produce and lay eggs.
Male mosquitoes do not bite human beings. They live on plant juices, other natural liquids from plants and decomposing organic material.
Protozoan Disease for Cardiovascular System
1. Malaria - A protozoan
cardiovascular disease caused by anopheles mosquito through injection of protozoan parasite
plasmodium.
Species caused malaria
Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium flaciparum.
Plasmodium life cycle
- Anopheles mosquito feeds on blood & serves as the vector.
- Sporozoites enter blood stream and proceed to the liver within 30 min to infect hepatocytes.
- 1 week = Multiplication & transformation in the liver leads to the release of about 5,000-10,000 merozites PER HEPATOCYTE infected with only one sporozite!
- Merozites infect red blood cells, initiating the symptoms and pathology of malaria.
- Merozites replicate and differentiate again
- Cell ruptures to release new merozites (which will infect more red blood cells)
- Some merozites differentiate into ♂ and ♀ gametocytes.
- Gametocytes ingested by Female Anopheles differentiate into male and female gametes which fuse to form a zygote and become sporozites in the salivary gland….
Symptoms
- Chills, fever, sweating—peak every 48hrs.
- Weak, anemic, splenomegaly.
- Blocked capillaries = intense headaches, renal failure, heart failure, or cerebral damage.
Diagnosis - The most common diagnostic test is the
blood smear.
Treatment- Drug quininine, chloroquine, primaquine,
& mefloquine.
Disease caused by protozoa to human beings
Disease Casual agents Organs affected vector
1. Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica
Intestine, Liver Water
2.African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma brucei
Blood, Brain Tsetse fly ( Glossina)
3.Leishmaniasis ( Kala - azar)
Leishmania donovani
White Blood Cells,Skin, Intestine
Sand fly ( Phlemotomus)
4.Malaria Plasmodium spp. Liver, Red Blood Cells
Mosquito ( anopheles)
5. Babesiosis Babesia microti Red Blood Cells Tick ( Txode)
Importance
Protozoa play important roles in the fertility of soils. By grazing on soil bacteria, they regulate bacterial populations and maintain them in a state of physiological youth in the active growing phase. This enhances the rates at which bacteria decompose dead organic matter. Protozoa also excrete nitrogen and phosphorus, in the form of ammonium and orthophosphate, as products of their metabolism, and studies have shown that the presence of protozoa in soils enhances plant growth.
Protozoa play important roles in wastewater treatment .
Good-quality, clean effluents are produced in the presence of large ciliated protozoan communities because they graze voraciously on dispersed bacteria and because they have the ability to flocculate suspended particulate matter and bacteria. Importance
Protozoa probably play a similar role in polluted natural ecosystems. Indeed, there is evidence that, by feeding on oil-degrading bacteria, they decrease bacterial growth in much the same way they enhance rates of decomposition in soils, thereby speeding up the breakdown of oil spillages.
Importance
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