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"What Makes Muslims Feel French?" by Rahsaan Maxwell UNC-CH 20140829
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What Makes Muslims Feel French?Forthcoming in Social Forces
Rahsaan MaxwellUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Erik BleichMiddlebury College
August 29, 2014
Immigrant integration in Europe
Long history of migration dating to 19th century
Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII
1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding
1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges
Immigrant integration in Europe
Long history of migration dating to 19th century
Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII
1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding
1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges
Immigrant integration in Europe
Long history of migration dating to 19th century
Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII
1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding
1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges
Immigrant integration in Europe
Long history of migration dating to 19th century
Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII
1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding
1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges
Immigrant integration in Europe
Long history of migration dating to 19th century
Migrants from outside of Europe after WWII
1950s-70s: Short term economic rebuilding
1980s-present: Long term economic, cultural and politicalchallenges
Muslim integration
Intense cultural and ideological differences
Post-colonial tensions
Extremism and Global War on Terror
Muslim integration
Intense cultural and ideological differences
Post-colonial tensions
Extremism and Global War on Terror
Muslim integration
Intense cultural and ideological differences
Post-colonial tensions
Extremism and Global War on Terror
Muslim integration
Intense cultural and ideological differences
Post-colonial tensions
Extremism and Global War on Terror
General research question: How do we understand Muslimnational identity
Loyalty and allegiance
Social cohesion
General research question: How do we understand Muslimnational identity
Loyalty and allegiance
Social cohesion
General research question: How do we understand Muslimnational identity
Loyalty and allegiance
Social cohesion
Muslims in France
Largest Muslim population in Europe: roughly 5 million
Intense debates about headscarf, veils
Muslims in France
Largest Muslim population in Europe: roughly 5 million
Intense debates about headscarf, veils
Muslims in France
Largest Muslim population in Europe: roughly 5 million
Intense debates about headscarf, veils
Muslims in France
Muslims in France
Largest Muslim population in Europe: roughly 5 million
Intense debates about headscarf, veils
French tradition of laıcite
Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French
1. More religiosity → less French identification
2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification
3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification
4. More segregated networks → less French identification
5. Immigrant integration is key
5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification
Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French
1. More religiosity → less French identification
2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification
3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification
4. More segregated networks → less French identification
5. Immigrant integration is key
5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification
Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French
1. More religiosity → less French identification
2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification
3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification
4. More segregated networks → less French identification
5. Immigrant integration is key
5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification
Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French
1. More religiosity → less French identification
2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification
3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification
4. More segregated networks → less French identification
5. Immigrant integration is key
5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification
Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French
1. More religiosity → less French identification
2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification
3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification
4. More segregated networks → less French identification
5. Immigrant integration is key
5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification
Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French
1. More religiosity → less French identification
2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification
3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification
4. More segregated networks → less French identification
5. Immigrant integration is key
5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification
Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French
1. More religiosity → less French identification
2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification
3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification
4. More segregated networks → less French identification
5. Immigrant integration is key
5.1 Born in France → more French identification
5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification
Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French
1. More religiosity → less French identification
2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification
3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification
4. More segregated networks → less French identification
5. Immigrant integration is key
5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification
5.3 French language fluency → more French identification
Hypotheses: Muslim identification as French
1. More religiosity → less French identification
2. Better socio-economic status → more French identification
3. Better socio-economic status → less French identification
4. More segregated networks → less French identification
5. Immigrant integration is key
5.1 Born in France → more French identification5.2 French citizenship → more French identification5.3 French language fluency → more French identification
Data
French legal limitations and cultural taboos
Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009
Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706
Sample bias
Data
French legal limitations and cultural taboos
Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009
Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706
Sample bias
Data
French legal limitations and cultural taboos
Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009
Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706
Sample bias
Data
French legal limitations and cultural taboos
Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009
Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706
Sample bias
Data
French legal limitations and cultural taboos
Trajectoires et Origines (TeO), Sept 2008 - Feb 2009
Overall N= 21,761; Muslim N= 5,706
Sample bias
Responses to question ’I feel French’
Logistic regression results for ’I feel French’
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Religiosity -1.37*** -1.25*** (0.28) (0.28) Socio-economic status 1.49*** 0.45 (0.37) (0.41) Social network -1.72*** -1.41*** Segregation (0.19) (0.19) Immigrant integration 2.74*** 2.61*** (0.26) (0.28) Constant 2.09*** 0.67*** 2.04*** -0.34** 1.19*** (0.21) (0.13) (0.12) (0.11) (0.29) Observations 4108 4108 4108 4108 4108 Pseudo R2 0.012 0.008 0.040 0.099 0.137
Note: Weighted data. Covariates are latent variables and have been coded from 0 to 1.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
Change in predicted probabilities for ’I feel French’
Note: The difference in the predicted probability of a positive ‘I feel French’ response as independent variables change from the bottom to the top quartiles of the latent variable of
interest, with other variables set to their mean values. For social networks, ‘High’ is segregated and ‘Low’ is assimilated.
-.4-.2
0.2
.4
Religiosity SES Social networks Immigrant integ.
Subsets of Muslims: Sex
Subsets of Muslims: National Origin
Summary
Religiosity is associated with less positive French identification
Immigrant integration is strongest predictor of Muslimidentification
Next step: Compare with other groups
Summary
Religiosity is associated with less positive French identification
Immigrant integration is strongest predictor of Muslimidentification
Next step: Compare with other groups
Summary
Religiosity is associated with less positive French identification
Immigrant integration is strongest predictor of Muslimidentification
Next step: Compare with other groups
Summary
Religiosity is associated with less positive French identification
Immigrant integration is strongest predictor of Muslimidentification
Next step: Compare with other groups
Christians: Change in predicted probability of ’I feelFrench’
Immigrant-origin Christians: Change in predictedprobability of ’I feel French’
Western-origin Christians: Change in predicted probabilityof ’I feel French’
Non-Western-origin Christians: Change in predictedprobability of ’I feel French’
What accounts for overall differences in positive Frenchidentification?
Non-Muslims more positive than Muslims
Can differences in immigrant integration account for this?
What accounts for overall differences in positive Frenchidentification?
Non-Muslims more positive than Muslims
Can differences in immigrant integration account for this?
What accounts for overall differences in positive Frenchidentification?
Non-Muslims more positive than Muslims
Can differences in immigrant integration account for this?
Coefficients: Native non-Muslims vs. Muslims
Coefficients: Immigrant-origin non-Muslims vs. Muslims
Coefficients: Christians vs. Muslims
Coefficients: Immigrant-origin Christians vs. Muslims
Coefficients: Western-origin Christians vs. Muslims
Coefficients: Non-Western-origin Christians vs. Muslims
Conclusion
Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims
Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification
Most Muslims have positive French identification
Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity
Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove
To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?
Conclusion
Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims
Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification
Most Muslims have positive French identification
Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity
Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove
To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?
Conclusion
Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims
Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification
Most Muslims have positive French identification
Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity
Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove
To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?
Conclusion
Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims
Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification
Most Muslims have positive French identification
Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity
Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove
To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?
Conclusion
Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims
Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification
Most Muslims have positive French identification
Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity
Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove
To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?
Conclusion
Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims
Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification
Most Muslims have positive French identification
Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity
Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove
To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?
Conclusion
Muslims less likely to feel French than non-Muslims
Muslim religiosity associated with less positive Frenchidentification
Most Muslims have positive French identification
Muslim identification more about immigrant integration thanreligiosity
Citizenship, country of birth, language fluency likely toimprove
To what extent will these dynamics exist in other countries?
