Slide 1

RAILWAYS

1

Amongst the different modes of transport, Railways have their greatest utilization in the transport of large volumes of heavy and bulk commodities and passengers over long distances with safety, comfort and convenience.INTRODUCTION

BLUE PRINT OF FIRST TRAIN

History of Railways

BALLASTBallast is the granular material usually broken stone or bricks single and kanker, gravel and sand placed and packed and around the sleeper to transmit Load from sleeper to formation Layer.Size = 20mm 65mm

RAILS The rolled steel sections laid end to end in two parallel lines over sleepers to form a railway track are known as RAILS.

Types of Rails :- The rails used in the construction of railway track can be divided into the following three types :

(1) Double Headed Rails (D.H. Rail)

(2) Flat Footed Rails (F.F. Rail)

(3) Bull Headed Rails (B.H. Rail)

1. Double Headed Rail :- The rails having their head and foot of

same dimensions are known as double

headed rail (D.H.).

2. Flat Footed Rails :-The rail section having their foot

rolled to a flat are known as flat footed rails.

3. Bull Headed Rail :The rails sections having their head of more dimension then that of their foot

are known as bull headed rails (B.H.).

Rail Joints1.FISH PLATE JOINT2.FASTENERS JOINT3.SLIDE CHAIARS JOINT4. JUNCTION PLATE JOINT5.BEARING PLATE JOINT6.CHAIRS

FISH PLATE JOINT

FASTENERS JOINT

SLIDE CHAIARS JOINT

JUNCTION PLATE

SleepersSleepers are members generally laid transverse to the rails, on which the rails are fixed to transfer the loads from the rails to the ballast and the subgrade.

Types of SleepersWooden Sleepers Metal Sleepers Concrete Sleepers

www.ustudy.in

Concrete Sleepers

Metal Sleeper

POINT OF CROSSINGPoint , crossing , turnout , cross-overs and such related terms are arrangement by which different routes either parallel are connected and offered the means for terms to move from one route to another route is called POINT OF CROSSING .

Components OF SWITCHA pair of stock rail.A Pair of tongue rail.Heel Block.Stretcher bar.Slide Chair.

A pair of stock rail

A Pair of tongue rail

Heel Block

Stretcher bar

POINT OF SWITCHA SWITCH Consist of stock rail and tongue rail. A point is consist of left hand And right hand switch

Slide Chair

Points & Crossings

Challenges faced by Indian Railways

Overcrowding, low frequency and lack of universal design

Lack of financial resources

Low per-capita income : 23 percent of Indian urban population living in poverty

Extremely low fares : Due to 70% (as per the Census 2011) of Indian population living in rural area

Misuse of Coach for Disabled

Reason for Increase in Demand

Growing Population: Increased in urban population from 62 million in 1951 to 285 million in 2001 and is estimated to be around 540 million by the year 2021Extension of cities far beyond old city boundaries Increased Urban trips : 80 million trips will need to be catered per day, whereas only 37 million trips are being provided by the available rail and bus mass transport facilities Scatteredresidential and commercial development without necessary infrastructure

The Indian Railways have provided a separate compartment for the disabled passengers at the end of the train next to the guard van.

The attempts have been made by Indian Railways to incorporate the accessibility features at some of the railway stations (like Delhi railway station and Agra Cantt railway station) such as earmarked parking for the wheelchair users, accessible entrance, waiting room with accessible toilet and above all inter connectivity of all the platforms with the ramp.

Accessible toilet at the platformRamp at the entranceAccessible Features at Railway Station, New Delhi

Drinking Water counters at two levels

Placement of tactile warning and guiding blocks

Accessible Features at Railway Station, New DelhiProvision of Golf Cart on Platform No. 1 for intra-platform movement for the passengers with reduced mobility

Accessible Features at Railway Station, Agra Cantt

Ramps connecting various platforms

Accessible toilet in the waiting room

Ramp being used by cooliesLeveled surfaces

But is this enough to make Indian Railways Accessible to All ???

The concession extended by Indian Railways is of no use if the railway stations and rail coaches are not accessible and are often difficult to use by people with various disabilities due to various reasons like :

Steps at various places

No information to passengers regarding train arrival/departures at respective platforms

Lack of appropriate directional signage to guide people,

Lack of trained staff available to assist disabled passengers

Absence of accessible toilets

Unleveled surfaces

Absence of amenities like drinking water fountains, etc.

Lack of provision for inter-platform transfers for people with disabilities putting their safety at question. They are forced to use the railway tracks for crossing hence increasing the risk of accident.

The coach for disabled does not facilitate independent and dignified access to a user as the component of manual assistance invariably remains due to:Unleveled platform

Tactile warning blocks up to the disabled coach only hence posing trip hazard

Lack of enforcement leads to overcrowding

So called accessible coaches

Overcrowding in the coach for disabled

Toilets in the coach for disabled people Person with locomotive disability finding it difficult to enter the train due to high steps Level difference of the platform and the coach does not facilitate independent and dignified access

Broad causes of accidents on IRRailway staff failure 65.67

Equipment failure08.44%Failure of other than 17.46%Railway staffSabotage03.45%

CountryBillion passengersYearJapan 22.67 2010 India 8.03 2010 Germany 1.95 2010 People's Republic of China 1.86 2011 United Kingdom 1.33 2010 France 1.14 2009 Russia 1.14 2009 South Korea 1.06 2010 Italy 0.64 2009 Spain 0.57 2010 South Africa 0.53 2007

India appears on the second position in the list of passengers carried in rail transport per year (Countries with more than 500 million passengers): Even though many advanced technologies or superior designs of coaches have long been made available to people in Europe, Japan and now China, replicating or adapting those to meet the needs of people in India is far from reality.

TOILETS OF THE TRAININDIAJAPAN

KITCHEN OF THE TRAININDIACHINA

ANY QUERY ???????????

THANK YOUPresented byLakshya sharmaXI-B