1. IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA;

2. O E K I T E 3. MICHAEL SHERMER IATI OI ANPOIITEYOYN E A PA E N A PA M A T A ; , Stephen Jay GouldA : M 2 ANEITHMIAKE EKOEI KPHTHI E AHPAKEIO 2004 4. N EO K I TNOO EN HO K: T.. 1527, 711 10, T. 2810 394235, Fax: 2810 394236AN: M 5, 106 81, T. 210 3818372, Fax: 210 3301583 e-mail: pek@physics.uoc.grwww.cup.grEIPA: EITHMH KAI ANPINO OITIMOH : TT : Why people believe weird things (2nd edition) 1997 by Michael Shermer 1998, : E K : 2003 A : M : , - : E K E: . : B AOOOY ISBN 960-524-153-6 5. K (Carl Sagan, 1934-1996), , T , , , E, Sceptic , . 6. M - : , , - . A - , . . , . (Y, , .) A, , , - . A - , , . K , T , K, 1987. 7. EPIEXOMENA ix Stephen Jay GouldxiPOOO 1 M : E 1. Y, . T 15 2. , . H 29 3. . 25 53 M : 4. A. T , K77 5. M . 87 6. A! E 105 7. . 119M T: E 8. E . M N 141 9. A . 25 25 155M T: I 10. N. I, 181 11. O ;E 197 8. viii IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA12. O ; O 227 13. . H A--- 267 M : H 14. O T . M ; 283 15. T, ; 307B315E 329 9. HMEIMA TOY METAPATH , , - -, - . . - . - , , - - (.., - - creationism creationist) (- mentalist) (.., psychic, - ). - . , - (, , ). , , (.. functionalist , - 10. x IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA O) , , (adaptation adaptationism: - )., , , , - , (John Smith) . - . , - . - (.. Physics Review) . - . , , . , 12/2/2001 11. H HMIOYPIKH YNAMH TOY KETIKIMOY Stephen Jay Gould O - - - , , - , . , - , E, , K O - (The Demon-Haunted World). [M , O - (The Mismeasure of Man), .]H , . H , , . , Homo sapiens - , - ., , . O 12. xiiIATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA . , . , , , , , - ... K , , (Alexander Pope), - 18 :A ...K A , .* Y - , , . H - , . T . - , , , - , , , : . H - , - - . O -* Placed on this isthmus of a middle state / A being darkly wise and rudely great... / He hangs between; in doubt to act or rest; / In doubt to deem himself a god, or beast; / In doubt his mind or body to prefer; / Born but to die, and reasoning but to err. 13. xiii . O M (Michael Shermer), - - , . T , , - , . . B, - , .. - , - . T , - - ( ) - * O- ** - - - ( , ), , , , , . . - A, , , - Oprah Donahue ( - , , ) *..M.: A , . M T. ** ..M.: M O (Holocaust), E -, 1933 1945, T , . 14. xiv IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA . , , . M , . - , A - , , - . T - - * . - - , . , , (- ): , - , , ( , - ), ( - ) - (M ' , ). , - , ( ) - , - . , - , - . T ( , , , , , ), , - , ( -* ..M.: , - . 15. xv , - - ).H - , , . , , . H - , . T - , . 16. POOO E IO THN OPA T , 2 O 1995, , - * (Oprah Winfrey) - (psychic). P A (Rosemary Altea, ) . T O A P: M - (The Eagle and the Rose: A Remarkable True Story) New York Times Wall Street Journal ( A - I - A A - P). H - - A . , , A - , , , , , . M , A . M - ;, B- , Y ; ... * ..M.: - HA. 17. 2 IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATAA - , A . T . T- , , . A - , , A - . H . E, A, . E - - . T , . H A . M , - A, . E . T - , . Skeptic - P A, - . T, A, . H - . , .. K M*, X, ** - . , , - - . A , . M ; .... - : . K ; - . , , - *..M.: K - . ** ..M.: mentalist, -, - , - .. 18. POOO 3 ; B , ... ... 250 , - .O : ( , , , ), ( , , ) ( ;, ;). P A , , - ; , 250 , A - .H , . N, , , - , . K- A - . M , A , - . , - , , , - A - . A - . N - , , - . H - N 1981, : - . , - , (1995, . 56). A , , , , , - , 19. 4 IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA - . , - , . H A - , . H , , - 200 , .T , T B (James Van Praagh) * -- NBC H (The Other Side), - , (Unsolved Mysteries). I - : M . B , . E - B - . ( - , - , , , - .) . H 11 - , - . O B -* ..M.: N (New Age . , -, -): O 20 HA, Merriam- Webster - , , - , . 20. POOO 5 , . O , .A , B - . - . T - , : , , (.. - , , , , ). O - , : . , , - . T - . Y , - . O , - , B . , - , B - . T ;, . T . M - , B : B- , ;. - . . T ; O - ; O - . O B : . - , , . A, - , B - . . A - . K ' ; T ; ; A - , . 21. 6 IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA B , - . B K, . K, , K; H - : N, K. M . M - K - . , B . M 11 - . E , ; A B , . O . - , - . - , , B . E . - B , - , - . H - - , . H - -, , - . O B . : - . H - . ( - , , , , - . - B .)M , B - , . M - . - , , , . M - . 22. POOO 7 E . H , - , . - , , - . , . , . O . , ; , ; ! , . E , . , , , - . , , . H - , (Alexander Pope) (Essay on Man, E I, 1.95): A , . , .* H , - , . A , , , N - : (, , ).* Hope springs eternal in the human breast; / Man never Is, but always To be blest. / The soul, uneasy, and confind from home, / Rests and expatiates in a life to come. 23. 8 IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA H . M , , . A- - .T , . M , . A , (ESP), UFO , - . , , - : - , - O , (IQ), , - (.. - , ). , - .A - , . , . Z . A - , . O - , AIDS, - , , , ... M : 24. POOO9 , ., , , N - , , , , . , , . H . - , , - . ; , (.. - ...) - . O . T . K- , . O - : (.. - ) (.. ). M - . H - : . H - X E .... - . A - , .O . A , - , 25. 10IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA , . A . , , , . T , , - - .T - ; O , , - . A . O - . O , . , - . , , E O, (. . 13 14). - , (. 7). M .O : (1) - (2) - (3) - . . T - (Stephen Jay Gould) - , T P (J. Randi) : . Sceptic - E, (Kim Ziel Shermer), , , - 26. POOO 11 - N. H , (Pat Linse), - . A - , - ( , , ) , . - Sceptic (Caltech), - . O Jaime Botero - K Glendale, . H Diane Knudson Caltech, . O Brad Davies - - . O Jerry Friedman , . H Terry Kirker .T , , Sceptic, - . ; - ; ; K - , Elizabeth Knoll, Mary Louise Byrd Michelle Bonice, Kim Pat, Sceptic , , . - , : David Alexander, Clay Drees, Gene Friedman, Alex Grobman, Diane Halpern, Steve Harris, Gerald Larue, Jim Lippard, Betty McCollister, Tom McDonough, Paul McDowell, Tom McIver, Sara Meric, John Mosley, Richard Olson, D'art Phares, Donald Prothero, Rick Shaffer, Elie Shneour, Brian Siano, Jay Snelson, Carol Tavris, Kurt Wochholtz , - , Richard Hardison, Bernard Leikind, Frank Miele Frank Sulloway, - 27. 12IATI OI ANPOI ITEYOYN E APAENA PAMATA . T, Bruce Mazet Sceptic, - E Millenium - .T 1958, H - (The Philosophy of Physical Science), (Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington) : Quis custodiet ipsos custodes ;. O - , , ' , - . E - (1958, . 21). , . - ; E! , , ! 28. MEPO PTOEITHMHKAI KETIKIMO H , - , - . M MM, (Magic, Science, and Religion), 1948 29. 1YAPX, APA KETOMAI T (To Know a Fly), B N (V. Dethier) . - , , - . T , , . E (1962, . 2). , , - . T . E .T 1979, , . T - T M. O A - 13 , 1 20 . , - , , , , - , , , - , , , . K, , , - - 30. 16 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO . K , , , . , M M , 225 . , , , - . M , , , , , . T - . T - - ... O . - . T , , - . . M - , , - , . (100 160 ) , . , - , , . - , - , - , . E- , - . T . , . M - . A . . A - . , . , . T 1982, , A, 3.000 (4.800 - ) , N Y. , - 31. YAPX, APA KETOMAI17 . Y , . E - , . , - . K -- , - - . Y - . H - T M - . A , .T - . , - . A , - . A - , . , ( - ) . K - , . A , (), - : ' , , , , - ' , - . ; T - ; TI A EI KETIKITH; , 6 A 1983, K. - 32. 18 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO - , - , . , , , . K - . H - , , - HA. M - , , - , . , . O . M , , ! N E - , ( ) , - . , , . O , , . - E A . H - x k x . O - - , M (M. Gardner) M (Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science), 1952. - , - : , (Science: Good, Bad and Bogus), 1981, N : (The New Age: Notes of a Fringe Watcher), 1991a, (On the Wild Side), 1992, . O - 33. YAPX, APA KETOMAI19 T P, () '70 '80 ( , HA Tonight Show). O K (P. Kurtz) HA , , Skeptic, *. , , - , , - , - MME - .O , - . - , , . , , , - . K - , .. , - , , - , , - . , .. , C, , , - , . O , .T , - , . A . , - . - . O . O , ' , . - * ..M.: (. www.skeptic.gr). 34. 20 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO - . M , . , : , !N : , - , - , , . M, 1992, - T X (J. Hagelin), K N- , , - : . O X- ( Y ) - - , , - . T - - : '50, , - K. , . , , , , , - . H N- E , .. (Lifetide) - (L. Watson), 1979, O (The Hundredth Monkey) K K (K. Keyes), 1982, . H X (E. Hartley), , O . , . H - . T 1952, * *..M.: (. Primates) - , . 35. YAPX, APA KETOMAI 21 . , , - . A . O - , - . , - . , K . O : A , , 11:00 .., T- , - . H , , , - . , , (1979, . 2-8).A . O - - . , - (. .. Baldwin et al. 1980, Imanishi 1983, Kawai 1962). O 1952 20 , . T 1962, 59, 36 . H 36 1962. E, - , - . O 36 . M, - , 1953 1967. ' K. O .. - . , - 36. 22 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO , . EITHMH KAI KETIKIMOO , , - - . M , . T - - M (Sir P. Medawar): P - : (1969, . 11).Y , - . A . . O , , : E: H - . : H . : H . E: O .H , , . H - , , 37. YAPX, APA KETOMAI 23 . . O - , .H - - , , - (Dictionary of the History of Science), ) , ) , ) , ) - (Bynum, Browne and Porter 1981, . 196). E , - . O - . - , , (1958, . 9). M - , : Y: M . : M , , . : , .M , . M- . H , . O , , .M - : : - , . 38. 24 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO - . , . O P (A.R. Wallace) - - . O - - . P X (R. Hardisson), O , , -. K . H , -, , , , -. - . O - , , . H - (1988, . 259-260).H : . .. - ; T , : H . T . O . , . H : - - . .. ;M . M . M . T . 39. YAPX, APA KETOMAI 25 T ' , : - ; M ; H O ENTAH METAY KETIKIMOY KAI EYITIAE - . , . E - , - , . T - . , Caltech P- (R. Feynman) - . O - , , - , . - (1988, . 247). , , - , . T K (Th. Kuhn, 1977), - . O - - . (- ) ( ) , - (. . 2).H K - - . O 40. 26 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO(Frank Sulloway) : ) , (- , ). ) - ( K - - - ). ) X - ( 14.000 - , ). O - , , - , - . , - , , . - - (1991, . 32). , - , , , - . H : - ; ; ; - , , - , , - .H . - . O 41. YAPX, APA KETOMAI 27 . . H , - . T . M , - ; , . - TWA, 800 - N K- . , - , , , . E . TO EPAEIO TOY NOYO B N - - , , , .. , - , , . , - : ( ) . -, . O -. , , - .K , , , . - . - . A (1962, .118-119). 42. 28 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMOH , , . E, , - . , , - (1988, . 16). T : T , ; A , - . T - -. O - . M - , - , . , - , , . O , - , , - . , - . T . , P N K (R. Descartes Cartesius), - , : Cogito ergo sum , . A . O- , , Sum ergo cogito , . 43. 2 , - , , - , 400 , (Francis Bacon): . . 30 , N . N (D.J.D.S. Price) , 80% 90% . , : - , - , - , , 80-90% - , 10-20% (1963, . 1-2)., , - 100.000 . - N (Dewey) - 1000 . 1 1662, , . . 44. 30 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO EIKONA 1. - 1662 [: De SollaPrice 1963.] , - , - , ... O E 2, - (American Mathematical Society, 1888) (Mathematical Association of America, 1915), . 1965, , : 200 , - . - . , - N, 200 , , - , - , , (Hardisson 1988, .14). . - 1% . O (F. Braudel) .. - N , (1981, . 429). 20 , , ( ), : 45. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME31 1784 15 ./ 1825 20 ./ 1870 25 ./ 1880 150 ./ 1906 200 ./ 1919 260 ./ 1938 650 ./ 1945 1000 ./ 1945 Bell X-11250 ./ 1960 6.500 ./ 1985 29.000 ./ 2000 360.000 ./ EIKONA 2. - - - N (- ), 1888, (- ), 1915. [- - .] 46. 32MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO - . , - ( 3) . , , - ; N , , , , N . 1990, 1236 (Gallup & Newport 1991, .137-146): 52% 46% 19% 22% 33% 41% N65% 35% 67% - , , - , , , , , - , , , , , , , , , , , - , , I, , , , - , . , , - . , . ; 47. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME330,000001 0,00001 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 - 1 10 100Verge/Foliot 1.000 EIKONA 3. 1300 .O OO O (Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance) - , - . O - ... . , , , - . , , . O , , (1974, . 38-39): 48. 34MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO ;, .;O , , . . , . .. - N. - 17 .., , ..., . , - .., , ; - . . - - N. , - , . !. . - 30 - , , - . O - (internalist) (externalist), - . O - , - : , , - . O (G. Sarton), - - , . , : 49. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME 351. - . -, , . 2. (Sarton 1936, . 5). O , , . 3. , . , - , - . 4. , , , . ,, . , , , - - , , . O 1962, (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions). - . , : O , , (1977, . 148).O (R. Olson), - , . O - (Science Deified and Science Defied, 1991) . . (B.F. Skinner), 50. 36 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO : . O , - , : - - , . . , , : , . - - - (. 3). - , . , , , , . - , , .O ( ) . - ( ) , . ... , , - . , , - , ; ; - , : , - . , , , . , - 51. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME37 - , - . - , . , . - - . - : O (Leviathan, 1651) (Th. Hobbes) . O - , , . O , , - . - (De Corpore Politico, 1644) : O , - - , , . - , , . - , (De Cive) (1839-45, 1, . vii-ix). O 40 , . , - . - , X- . , - , . (vital motion), - ( , ) (1839- 52. 38 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO1845, 4, . 407). , - . K , - . , , - . , . O , - () () . , . , - . X - . . , - : - , ... , , , , , - [(1651) 1968, . 78]. , , , - . - ( ) , , , . , , - - . , . . , - - , - . , - , . - 53. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME 39 , N, (1726) - Principia, : - , , - , - [(1729) 1962, 2, . 547]. , - N , .. , (1991, . 98). , , - N - : . , , 18 , N... , -- Principia (1991, . 99). ; ; - . ; . , , . ; ; ; . - , . ; , . - . - . . O - . O - , , - , - , . ( - - ). O , 54. 40 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO , . - , - . , N, . . - . : - , , - . O OO , , - , - . , , ( - SETI Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, - N ). O - , , . , - , - . ; , - ; 11 12, - . O - . , , O . ; - . - , , , . 55. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME41 , , - ., . . , - (M. Lefkowitz) - , , , .. . (Not Out of Africa) - . 1993 K Wellesley, , .. - (Y.A.A. ben-Jochanan), . , . - , - - , . : O - - . - -, ...... , - . - - . , ... - , - - ...... - , 56. 42 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO , : - , . (1996,. 2, 3, 4) . O - , . , , - , , . (384-322 ..) - ( 322 ..). - . . - . - . , , - , - (. 8). - : - - . - , - . - . O - - , - - - . - , , - . O - , , , - . - - 57. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME 43 - . - ; . , . . - . (J. Horner), - O, . (Digging Dinosaurs), , - , - - . , , - , - , , - (Horner & Gorman 1988, . 168). , , . , , , - , - . - , , . - , , - , (. 168). ; 1981 - 30.000.000 . - , 10.000 (. 128). O 30.000.000 - , - 2 . 400 . : ; (. 129). - , - , . - , 58. 44 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO - . , - , - . - . ; ; E - ; , ... , - , - . - , - : - . O . , . - : - , - , . - : , - . , - , , . - , - , , - ( ) . , - , - , . , , - ; - 59. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME 45 . , ; O (. 129-133). , - , - . , - - . , - 140 , . - ( , ) . ; ; .. O - : . . - . . ! , - , . , - . 30 , . ; O . , . , . - . . O - - . , - . , , - . 60. 46 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO - . - - . - , , . O - . - . - . , (F. Sulloway) - (Born to Rebel, 1996), (. 14, ). 100 , .., - , - . O , - . . O , , . OI AAE THN - , . - , , - . - , , , - . , , ; 61. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME 47 . - ( ) - - . - : , , , ... O , - , , . , , , .O M P (Michael Ruse), (The Darwinian Paradigm, 1989), :1. , -, (- ) (. 124-125). O -. 2. , . - , / , - , - . , , - 62. 48MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO , - 95% (Leeper 1935).M , , . - : , . 3. , , , , . - - . 4. O, , , ... (Priestly), .... O : , (. 125-126). , (G. Buffon) (Ch. Lyell), -. - . .. (A.R.Wallace), . - : O , . O , . O - , . , , , , . - , , - 63. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME49 . : . - , . O - , - . O - , - - . , . , , , , - - . - . , - , . , . O - , . O - - , . O - . , , , . , - , . O , - : - . - , - . - , - (Weaver 1987, . 133). - , 64. 50 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO , , , - , ... - . . , , , .O O , - , - . - - - . - , . , (S. Hook) - : , . , - , - (1943, . 35). O - , - , ( ). O - . - , , , , . , - . - 65. O,TI OYTIMOTEPO EXOYME51 . - , - . , - - , - . , , - . - , . , . O , . O ( , , ) - , .. - , - . , , : , - - . , , - - , . , , , - - , - . - . 66. 52 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO , , . , . , - . , , -1. - . - , . H , , - . O - . , - - , . - , - , . . , , . , - , . : : - , , , . 67. 3 APEKTPEETAI E 25 1994, NBC . (The Other Side) , . , , , . -, , - . , - , , - , . - , . - , , , , . . , , . . O , , , - . A, , - , . - 68. 54 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO . - . - , 14 - ., - , , - . O , - . - 4, 5 6, - , - , - 25 . 4 , - . A, - , . O O OO N (David Hume, 1711-1776), (An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding) . - 1739, (A Treatise of Human Nature). - , , . O , - (An Abstract of a Treatise of Human Nature), 1740, (Philosophical Essays Concerning the Human Understanding), 1748. , 1758, X - , , - , . 69. APEKTPEETAI H KEH 55O (antecedent skepticism) .. N, (consequent skepticism), , , - , : - . . . - , - , , : ( ) - , - , . , , , ; , , , . - , - [(1758) 1952, . 491).O ON 1. H - , (Werner Heisenberg) - : , . , 70. 56MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO - : , - (Weaver 1987, . 412). -- . - . , - , . , (theory laden). - , . N , - . . - - . - , M. N - , . O , - , ()*. - , . . 2. O O (J.A. Wheeler) , - , [ ] . . , . - (Weaver 1987, . 427). , . O .*..M.: . 71. APEKTPEETAI H KEH 57 O , , . , . - , . - - . - , . 3. T - . , - , - . 20 , 60 100 Edwin Hubble, O N , - - , - . 19 , - . , - , I.Q. O : -. . , , . : (1) -. (2) . , , - - 72. 58 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO . . - - . - , . O - . , - , . , , (1958, . 16)., , , . O , , - .O OON 4. O O . , . , , - . O - , - , - - . . - E - , . O - , - ... ... , . - 100 , . 73. APEKTPEETAI H KEH 59 25 , 25 - , 25 25 . - - , , - . , , - , - . 5. H , , , , . - , - . N Santa Monica News: O . O - , , . ; , : - , . , , . ; : ; 6. O , 74. 60 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO, . O (R. Hubbard), , : - (Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health) : - , - (Gardner 1952, . 263). O - (Wilhelm Reich) O - (Gardner 1952, . 259). - , ( - ). - , 1:00 .. 23 1989, (S. Pons) (M. Fleischmann) - . (G. Taubes) , - (Bad Science), . , , 50 , - . - , . 7. T O . . , ; . - . O *, - , - : , , , , , - (Gardner, . 259). / 1996 Journal of Historical Review -* ..M.: Peer Gynt . 75. APEKTPEETAI H KEH61 O , - : - . . . - , . , , . - , . , , 1919, . O . , , . . - - . O . ( ) - . , . - , . , , , - , ... 8. H ; . . - , , . , , - 76. 62 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO . O , - . - - . O O . , O . , . . - , . 9. O : ... .... , ... . , , . , , - . , - , . , - , . , , , . - .O Caltech N (Dan Kevles) - , : , - . , . . , , : (1) 5 : ;, (2) 95 : ; 77. APEKTPEETAI H KEH63 . , , : ; O . N - : , . O . N . , - . O P Playboy - . N - - . ; - .10. A , - , - . - , - , . - , . , , , - , - . , : N, . . O - : , 78. 64 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO. : , - , , - . , . (- , 230C. O , 230C, , . O , - , . - , , . , . , .) - . . , . : - , . , , . 11. , . , , . , , . O - , , - . , , . - , . - , - . - , : 79. APEKTPEETAI H KEH65 . - . - . . , , , - , : . 12. post hoc, ergo propter hoc, - , . , . O - . O , . - , . 1993, - - . - . O - . , , - . . , . - . 13. , - . - , - . - - . - , . 80. 66 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMOO , , - . - . 30 - - . - . , , - ! : ; . - . , . O - , - ! , 30 , 71%. O , , ... . . , , . O . O , , - . .14. A , . - . - , - . - , .. . , , , . - . 81. APEKTPEETAI H KEH67 . , - - , . - . , - , . , - , - . - (. Kusche 1975, - ). , , - , , - ( ). . - ; , . . ; , . : , - . O O O 15. O , , . , , , . - , , , . , - - . - . 1992, , . , , , , 82. 68 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO , . , , - . . 16. Ad ignorantiam , : . E - : , - . , , , . - : - , . , , : , - . , - . 17. Ad hominem tu quoque , , . . ad hominem - , . , - , . - , o - - , . O, , , . , , , , 83. APEKTPEETAI H KEH 69 . - . tu quoque. - , - . 18. B , . . O , - . - , : - , . - , . . . 19. Y , - . O - - , Mensa ( 2% ) - - . O - - , , : . - - , - , , . , . - , 84. 70 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO. , . - , , (1) - ( ) (2) - ( ). ; ! 20. , , , . - , . , - , , , - . A . , - . - , - . 21. ( ) . . - : ; N. ; - B. B ; - . , . - : ; . ; . , . (O, , - N 85. APEKTPEETAI H KEH71 .) E, . , , - , . 22. H , - . , , , . - , . - , - . , - , . : . . 160 , . , - . , . , - , , - , . A - . OO O 23. O , O , - , . O - , , . , , , - 86. 72MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO . - , - . O - - , . O . - - ( ) . . , , - (Alfred Mander) (Logic for the Millions): . - - . , - (1947, . vii). . , . .24. O , , - . . O (B. Singer) , - , - , :. .. .. , .. , - . 87. APEKTPEETAI H KEH 73 . , - , - -. -. , - .25. I , . O (J.S. Snelson) : , - (1993, . 54). , - (, , ) . , , . O , - (Max Planck), : - - : . (1936, . 97).O N (David Perkins) - ( ) - , . , - . , . , - 88. 74 MEPO PTO. EITHMH KAI KETIKIMO . - . . (I.B. Cohen), - , - , , - . , (1985, . 35). , ( - ) . , - - . , (G. Cuvier) - (James Hutton) (Charles Lyell). , - . , (Alfred Wegener) - . , - . O O O NOO . - , - . - , , - , - . - . - , . O O 17 (Baruch Spinoza) : , , - , . 89. MEPO EYTEPO EY O E I T H M H KAI EIIAIMONIA . . N, ,Principia Mathematica, 1687 90. 4OT , N ( ) : , , . , , , , . , , . - - (Association for Research and Enlightenment, A.R.E.) (E. Cayce), . , N, K Virginia Wesleyan, . - , .R.E. - (ESP). A.R.E. - , - . , .R.E. 1931 , , 20 . , A.R.E. - : , 91. 78MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA - ( ), , - , -, , , , , , . A.R.E. - , , .O . O - : , - , , - , , , , , , , , - , , - . , , , - . , , 14.000 10.000 - ! - - , . - , , , , - , 209, - , . A.R.E. A.R.E. - (Atlantic University of Transpersonal Studies). - - : TS 501 [ , (Abraham Maslow) (Victor 92. AOKIEI79 Frankl), ], TS 503 - [ - ], TS 504 [ ], TS 506 : , [ - ], TS 508 [, , , ] TS 518 [, , , , , ]. - A.R.E. - , , (Ahmed Fayed) : - . , O : - , A.R.E. , . - . - - , . ; A.R.E., 1877 , - . N, . . 21 , - . O , , - . , - , . - , , - , . 93. 80MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA , - (Cerminara 1967, Stearn 1967) (Baker & Nickel 1992, Gardner 1952, Randi 1982). O (M. Gardner) - , . , - , , . O - , . , : - , , , - , - , . , , (1952, . 217). - : O , - (1982, . 189). - : , - - . ; - . , - . , - , , : , - ;. , , (Randi 1982, . 189-195). 94. AOKIEI 81 EIKONA 4. (ESP) . [: .] - . , (ESP) - , (. 4). - - . - . ESP [ .. (K.E. Zener) ], , , , . A.R.E. ESP , . , , . , - . - , . O . 34 - . (. E 5), - 95. 82MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIAEIKONA 5. H M ESP. , . , 25 . 7 , - , 3 , .O 5 , 3 7, 7 - . , 3 7 - 7 - , 3; O ESP ( ). , . , 2 - 8, 9 . , , . ; - 96. AOKIEI 83 , . . O - - , , - . - . : , 2 - , 8 ( ) 3 7. , 9, 2 1, ! - 5; O - : ;. - . , : A.R.E. , ;. . , ;. ...., : , - . - ; - 15 25. , , - . - 5. - , (. E 6). - - 5 (5 25). O - +2 2. , , - 97. 84 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA 25 .EIKONA 6. 25 5 - . , ( 79%) 3 7 , 8 10,9% (, 25 ), 15 1 90.000, 20 1 5 25 1 300 . 8 1 2 . - . . . , .. - , - . , , 11 25 , , 98. AOKIEI 85 13 ... , . - ( ) - . , - . , , . , : , ;., , ., , .. - - ; ;, , . . N : ; ; . - : - , , .! , . . , , . . , , . , , - . 99. 5 O O OO : *O K, 1980 - , : , (J. Schwartz), . , - , , - . - . , , , , , , . - , - . , , - . . . , ( - ), * I sent my Soul through the Invisible, / some letter of that After-life to spell: / And by and by my Soul returnd to me, / And answerd I Myself am Heavn and Hell. 100. 88 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA - , , - . . * . . O . , , . - - , , - . . - , , , - . - . , , . . , - , - . K - , , - , - . K - , . N ON N ;O - , - . -*..M.: . 101. MEA AO TO AOPATO89 . , , .. (Robert Baker 1990 1996), - , ( , ). , , , - 100.000 . O , , . . (Charles Tart) 1969, - . O (Kenneth Bowers) - (1976, . 20). O (E. Hilgard), - , , - , - (1977, . 17). O : ( ), , . - , ... - - - . (Knox, Morgan & Hilgard 1974, . 842). . 102. 90MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA , , ; , - , , , . . - . O - . , , . .. , - , , - . , - . , , - . , - , - . , - - . E 7 , , - . , - . : 1. , . 2. - (Kihlstrom 1987, . 1445). , - - , , - . - . , - . 103. MEA AO TO AOPATO 91 EIKONA 7. . , , . O (B. Beyerstein) , , - , - (1996, . 15). O N (Andrew Neher 1990) , , . . - ; N! , - . , - , . , 104. 92MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA , , , . O - , . ! O . , , , . - - - , . . N , , , N - , , - . ; ; - ;O - . , , . , , , . (R. Moody) (Life After Life) - . O . (F. Schoonmaker 1979), , 50% 18 . 1982 (Gallup 1982, . 198) 1 20 - . 105. MEA AO TO AOPATO 93 - , , - . 1980, , - (Elisabeth Kbler-Ross), , : - . , , . -, - . O 45 , -, . , , , - , - . - , - , -. , -, , . . , , . , - . , : (1) - , (2) , (3) - . , - . , - : , - (1981, . 86). - 106. 94MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA - . , , - , , , - . , ; ! - . . - - : - , , - , . - . ;. . O - . , , , . , - , ., , ; O (M. Sabom), (Recollections of Death), , , , , , - , , , (- , ), , - , - , ... O , . - , . 107. MEA AO TO AOPATO95 - : , . , - , - . , . , , . O , . - ; O (S. Grof 1976, Grof & Halifax 1977) : - , - , - . - . - ; . - . , - . , . ( LSD - , LSD .) . , , - , - - . O , . DMT (- 108. 96 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA) - . MDA ( ) - , . , LSD ( ) - , , (. Goodman & Gilman 1970, Grinspoon & Bakalar 1979, Ray 1972, Sagan 1979, Siegel 1977). - - , (.. ), - . - - . (A. Huxley) (Doors of Perception, Doors), - . O , , - (1954, . 17). (Susan Blackmore 1991, 1993, 1996) , - , .. . O . ( ) ( - ) - . , , , , . O . , , . O - - ( - 109. MEA AO TO AOPATO97 EIKONA 8. () . . , , ). Y , - E 8 - . , , , ... ; - : , - . E - , . ... (1991, . 44). ( ), ( ) ( ) (Saavedra-Aguilar & Gomez-Jeria 1989), . , , . 110. 98 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA (1996, . 440). O , : , - , ; N NO , , . O - . - ; O - : , (, 14). , , . , , - , - . (Robert Ingersoll 1879), , , , : , - , , , . , , . O (George Berkeley 1713) - : , , - . , . (Woody Allen), . !, , ;. , , - . ; - , . - , : , , , 111. MEA AO TO AOPATO 99 . - , - . O , , , , , . , - . , , ; , , - . N - , , . (F. Tipler) - (The Physics of Immortality) . , - , , . - , . - , . , - ( , 25% , 6% , 1,5% ...). , . , , - , - . N (Richard Dawkins 1976), - ( ), . - , - . , 112. 100MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA . : , - , ( ), , - , - . ; . , 120 . , . - 150 200. , - , . - 2,1 115 . 5 - 115. . 85 90 , - . , , . , . 1987, - , 78,8 71,8, 75,3 . - , 1995, 62 . O . , - 1900 47 . 1950 68. , 1984 80,18 . , - 80 . - 85-95 . , - - - . O , , , - - , - . 113. MEA AO TO AOPATO 101 , - ( , , , , ). , . , - . . - - , . , - - . , , - . O ; ; - ; , - , ; , ; , ; , - ;, , (A. Harrington) . O , . - , - - . , . , - . , - , . - , - . - 114. 102 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA - . , - . , ; , ; , ; ; - , - , . . - - ! , , , , - . :1. - , , - . .2. O , , . - , - . - . O , - . , - , - . , . , , , ;3. O . - N (M. Darwin) (B. Wowk), - 115. MEA AO TO AOPATO103 - , . - - , - , - (1989, . 10). . , - , - . - , . , , - . , , , , - , . N (. Drexler 1986) 1959, . - , - - , - . , - . O N OO O A NO; , , , - ; - ; , . . - . , , , 116. 104MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA , , , - . , , - . - . - , . , ( ) - , . , - . . - , - , - . , . - - . - (Matthew Arnold) O (Empedocles on Etna, 1852): , , N , N , , , N , , , , ... , ;** Is it so small a thing, To have enjoyed the sun, / To have lived light in the spring, / To have loved, to have thought, to have done; / To have advanced true friends, and beat down baffling foes / That we must feign a bliss Of doubtful future date, / And while we dream on this, Lose all our present state / And relegate to worlds... yet distant our repose? 117. 6 ! , 8 1983, . , , N, - - . - . , - - 90 . O * - . , , - . O , - . , - , 4.800 (Race Across America). - , 22 . * ..M.: Abductees, - . 118. 106 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA , - . , - , . - , . . O . 1982, , , . N , - , , - . - , - : , . , . - N - , - O 40. E 1983 - . O- , - N 2.025 , ( ) 45 . , , , . . O , , . - - 119. AAH! 107 , - . - . (- ), - . , - . - 60 O (The Invaders) , . . . 45 , . , , . - . N - , , . , - : , , ; , , , - . , - - , - . O NO NO - , , ; 120. 108 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA - , . - . , , . - , 1903, 12 - ... , ; - , , . , (Carl Sagan 1973, 1980). - - , - ; , (F. Tipler 1981), - , . E - , , , . , , , .O , N , 1947, - . 28 1995, - Fox T . , , (. E 9). - , . O - - 121. AAH! 109EIKONA 9. . ( 18 - ), - . O ( 100.000 ) , , - . O , , Fox. - - (Project Mogul) . 1947 , - . UFO ( ), , - , . - , : 122. 110 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA 1. O - . odak - . . 1947, - odak , - ; odak - .2. Fox, - . , , - . , , , ; , - , .3. - , , , , - , , , . ; ;4. Fox, , . , - .5. , , - Filmo, - ;6. , , - ; 123. AAH!111 . - , , . O - .7. O , , 1947, - . - , , , - ;8. O , - . 1975 NBC, UFO (The UFO Incident) .9. , . . - , . O - .10. - , . .11. O (Ed Uthman), , ( , 7 1995): , -. , .. , ... - , , . O , . O - , . , - 124. 112MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA . O , .O , , . O . 12. O (Joachim Koch), (International Roswell Initiative), ( , 12 - 1995): ( ) , - . . : - , , , , , , , , - , , , - , , - , , - , - . , - -C. . , , - UFO. ; , , - - . , , ; - , . . 125. AAH!113 N 1994, NBC , , , - , - , . , - UFO . O . - , , - . O . - , . - . ; - , . . - . , - . . . , . , . : ;. . , . - , - -, . . - , . , , - . - - , , . , - 126. 114 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA . - . : - ; , , - , , - . , - , - , UFO. 40 - , UFO . -- , - . , - . 1975, NBC - UFO, . O - , NBC . O , - - , , - UFO . - ( , - , ), - . ( ), - . , o (O - ) , , 127. AAH!115 Star Trek X-Files, , (Communion) (W. Strieber) (Abduction) (J. Mack), . , - : . , . - ; . , - - . , , , , . O - (confabulation). , - . (Loftus & Ketcham 1994) , - , . , (A. Lawson) - , , . , , (Sagan 1996). - . , , - , , - ! , , . - , - (hypnagogic hallucinations), - , (hypnopompic hallucinations), . - , , , , (!) . O : - 128. 116MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA . , , . - , (1987/1988, . 157). O ( ) , - , - , ( - - ) (. 157)O , , , - : - (Abduction: Human Encounters with Aliens, 1994). , ( ) - . O , , ... , , , , - , , ( ). , - . ;, - . , . , - , - . . - , , - . , , . , - 129. AAH!117 - . , 16 17 , ( , , ) - , . 19 , - - . 20 , , , .., , - , , , , - ( ), , . : ; , , - - ; N - , ( ) . , - . 130. 7 , , 31 1944, . - . OO NO. . O O O NO N. O - - . , , - , - - . , , , - (. Johnson 1945, W. Smith 1994). ; , - , - . , - , - - . O 131. 120MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA , - :1. , , . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. , . 6. -, . 7. , . , -. 8. , , , , . . , .. - 80 - 90. - , ; ! - - ; ! - , - . , , - . 132. EIHMIE KATHOPIN121OO N O NONO OO-, - ; . , - , - , - , ( .. - ). O - . O - - , - . : . . - , - , (. Macfarlane 1970, Trevor-Roper 1969). - -- , , . 17 * 20 . - , . - , . , 17 ( , . , ), , - , ( - ). O - . - . , . -* ...: M..E. = . 133. 122 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA O , H . A- - O , , EIKONA 10. B . - , (. E 10). O - - . -- , , - , - . . .. E 11, 1560 1620. , E 12, - - , 1645. - . , , , - - 134. EIHMIE KATHOPIN 123 EIKONA 11. ,1560-1620. [: Macfarlane 1970.] . , - - . - , . O - , , . , (Henry Lea 1888), - , - . , (Marion Starkey 1963) N (John Demos 1982) . O (Alan Macfarlane 1970) , (Robin Briggs 1996) - - 135. 124MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA K05 136. EIHMIE KATHOPIN 125 . , (Keith Thomas 1971) . O (H.C.E. Midelfort 1972) - . O - N (Barbara Ehrenreich & Deirdre English 1973) . (Linda Carporael 1976) - . (Wolfgang Lederer 1969), (Joseph Klaits 1985) (Ann Barston 1994), - . O . O - - , (Hans Sebald 1996, . 817). - , - . O - , , , , , - , , - , , - , . , - , .( ) EIKONA 12. H (Manningtree) 1645. (E) . ( ) ( ) . (K) - - . - E 10, - , . [: Macfarlane 1970.] 137. 126 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA O - (Hugh Trevor-Roper), - (The European Witch-Craze), - , . O - - : , , - . , , - , . - ( Sabbaths) , , , - - . (1969, . 94). -- - . O - : . - , , - , , , , - , , - - . - , . (. 151) . E , - , - , - . . - , , - 138. EIHMIE KATHOPIN127 , . , - , - . , - - . - , , , . , . O , . - 17 . N: O . - , - ; , (Walker 1981, . 71). O NO NO OO 80, . - - . , - . O (The Satanic Scare), (James Richardson), (Joel Best) N- (David Bromley) , - , . O - , - , , - - - - , , 139. 128 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA . T , - (1991, . 23). - , , , . , , . - , - , . ; : ;. : O- -, , - , . . , , - - -. - , , , - . , - - , , , - (. 3). - . , , - - . . , , , , . (K. Erikson), - - , - - 140. EIHMIE KATHOPIN129 , , (1966, . 153). - 15 16 , , - (M. Harris) - . , , , , - , ; . , , - , - (1974, . 205). (J. Victor) : - (Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contempo- rary Legend, 1993) - . O - . - . - , - . 70 - , - . 80, , : - , Procter & Gamble, , - * 90 - , , , * ...: (McMartin) - - . , - , , - . , . 141. 130MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA N (. Victor 1993, . 24-25). O - . , , . 1994, - , - . (J. La Fontaine), O , o - . . ; O , : - , (Shermer 1994, . 21). O N NN N NONO OO , - , . , , , , - , , - , , ( ), - . . O - , - - , , - . , , - . - , , , , , ... 142. EIHMIE KATHOPIN 131 , , . : - (. Hochman 1993). - - 1988 , (Crews et al. 1995, Loftus & Ketcham 1994, Pendergrast 1995). O (R. Webster), (Why Freud Was Wrong, 1995), - , - 80, - (Father- Daughter Incest, 1981) (J. Herman), . - , . - , - , - . - , , , - . , , , - . , . -, . -, . - - . , - , - . , - , - 143. 132 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA - (1995, . 519). O -, (Jeffrey Masson) (The Assault On Truth, 1984), , . - , (E. Bass) N (L. Davis) : - (The Courage To Heal: A Guide For Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, 1988). - : , (. 22). 750.000 - - , , - . , , , - . - , , , . - , - , (. E 13). , - . . , N 35- 50% , , , 42,9 - . K - , 42,9 ! 144. EIHMIE KATHOPIN133 I M 99 MM I 19 93 2 92. . . 3 92.1 ... .119 19 19 .1 19 19 99999 9493 3 2EIKONA 13. , 1992 - 1994. [: .]85,8 . , , - . , - 100 - ( 38% ). ! , . - . - , - . - , . , ., . 1994 , , , - 145. 134 MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA , , .. . O 500.000 8 , , 400.000 . , - . - . (1993), , - , - . . . O , - (Pendergrast 1996). O , - . O - , (False Memory Syndrome Foundation), - . O 1995, , - 2,7 , , N , . 1988 , - . , , - , , . - ; , - , , , , . 146. EIHMIE KATHOPIN135 , - . , - - ! O . , , 24 1996, 2,5 , . (Grinfeld 1995, . 1). , - , . 1989, , - -, - 1969 N. T - ; , ( ) - 1991. - - , , . , 1995 , , - . , - - . , -, , - - . - - - - . , . - 1976, - . DNA . , , 1990, 147. 136MEPO EYTEPO. EYOEITHMH KAI EIIAIMONIA - . O : O 6 , 7 4 - . . - (Curtius 1996). - .O - - . H - O, 1995. O , , - , - , . O , - , - , , . 3.200 - . - , 12 , . - ; , - - . ; N . ; - , - . . - . , , . , , , (Carlson 1995, . 89-90). H , ( 10 ), - , 20 - . . , - . ! , 148. EIHMIE KATHOPIN137 , - . , , . - . . , , , 168 . H , , - ( , ABC ime). - , , , . , , - . . , . 149. MEPO TPITO EEIHKAI H M I OY P I M O . - , , , - , , - , , - . , , 1871 150. 8N N 10 1995, , , , 400 . - . , , - N . (Duane T. Gish), - - , - N. - . O - 300 / - . . , ; , - . 20 , , , , 70, , , . , , - , , - (B. Bratt- strom) (. White). O 151. 142 MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO - , - , , 301 ( - ), - . , 301, , ( , - 70 ) - . - . , , , . , - , N (Don Prothero), Occidental, - , . - , , - , , - , - , - , . , . . - , , , . . - , . , , - , , , , - . 152. EN APXH143 , (. 1): E F e e e d c . b q d , d -, d . d r d . d e e d e . d d , . Kd r d a d . d . d r a d d , ye a d . d . d e a a d c -, L a a , d e -e a . d r , . Kd r c a , - d a d a . d . d r d , d d d d d d . , - (. 7-8): b N d d d c d c e a e . d e d d - . 153. 144 MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMOd a d d d d e d d .d e e , d e a d e .O , , , - . O - , . , , - : : O , - . ( ) : O . ( N -, , , , , --) : O - . ( N, , , , , ) : O . (, , , , , , N- ) : O . (, , , - , , ) : O . (, , , , - , ) O N - , . . 2800 .., - , - . 2000 1800 .., - 154. EN APXH145 - , O. , - , , O - , 120 - (55 ), , , - . O ( ) . - N. - . , - , , . , . , - . - ; , (Joseph Campbell 1949, 1988) . O - . O . O - : - , , , . - , . - , . - , , - . - . - , - 155. 146 MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO EIKONA 14. K N , N . . [: Bernard Leikind.]( ) 150 23 15 , ... , . ; ; , ( !). O , , . , , 30.000 . - . , , - (. E 14). ; , ! , - , . , , , - , - 156. EN APXH147 , , , - , , , , - , . Sceptic, - - . O O. , - : 1. O O . O ( , -) - , - . 2. O O , , - , - O , . O - , .. (Stephen JayGould) (Ernst Mayr), , . 3. O O O - O -. O - - - . O - ( , ), 157. 148MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO - , . , , , , - . , : - . - , . - - . N ( ) - (1883, . 107). . O : - , (1987a, . 68). O (S. Allen) : - , , - (1993, . 40). O (1996), , , - , credo consolans - , . , - , , . - . , 27 O 1996, , - : - 158. EN APXH149 . O - , . , . O (H. Morris), , - . . . . O - (C. Thomas) Los Angeles Times , , - - . O - , , - , . (O - Sceptic, . 4, . 4, 1996.) , - - . - , , N E , - : , , - , , , , , - (Time, 16 1981, . 82). - , . N (N. Segraves), - (CSRC), : O - CSRC - - . - - : . , 159. 150MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO OOIKOIOYMANIMO AKOOEKTPEI AIPEEIIATPIKH OMOYOIIAEIXEIPHEINOMOIEOYAIKH IAAIAHH KOMMOYNIMO NAPKTIKA EITHMH XETIKIMOAYTOKTONIAENETIKHOIKONOMIA MOYIKHMHXANIKH AEEYEPHYNAIKN/AIIN OITIKHPATIMOOPNOPA-HMATAOOTEXNIA HIKHIAAIAHHHPIMO KHPO POK PHKEIAAIEIAOIAIMOTPOMOKPATIA KOMIKOKYBEPNHHKPATO EKHMATEXNHE TPATO E O I K T I MEY AOKAOYMENH EYPYOOI EEIKTIMO KOINO XPITIANOIBIOOIKO E( IM. 6/20) ITHMH IT OY YNATAI ENPON AAON HM KAPOY ONHPOY OIEIN, OYEH ONMIE ENPON APON KAPOY KAOYOY OIEIN. P IT MAT. Z/18E AMAPTIA OXI EO AMAPTIA IA APT AMAMAPTIAAAM TI APAPAM A TIA I T I A EIKONA 15. , K. [A , .: Toumey 1994.] 160. EN APXH151 (1977, . 17). , - ( 15), , , , , , , , , - , , , , , , , , - , , , , , . , . , . , - , - . ; 4 . . O . O , , 20 , . - . , - - . O . . . O - , , , - , ... - - . -, , , - . . , - 161. 152MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO - . . , . - . , , - , . E - . - , - . , , . , , - . , , - , - . . - . ( ) - . - , , , - . , - , . . * ( ), * ..M.: A . 162. EN APXH 153 - ( ), ( , ), - ( ) ... - , . ; ; - . - . Sceptic - , . : - , . - , . - , - . - - 3-4 - , , . 163. 9 I 25 25 , - . 13 O 1880, , - , . - , - : , , ( ) - - . - , . - (Desmond & Moore 1991, . 645). -, : : - - , , . * (Tipler 1994), * ..M.: B. 14 . 164. 156 MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO , - , . - , - . : , , - . O , . : E . - , . - . , , . - - , - . -- . , , , , , , , . ; , - - !O - , - . 1996, - Reports ( ) - , : 5 6 . 165. ANTIMETIZONTA TOY HMIOYPITE 157 - , - . - , . O - - . - - K. , , - : O [] . - -, - , . - . , - . [ ] - - . , . (Christian School Builder, - 1983, . 205-207) , - ( O, - ), , - 166. 158 MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO * . 1996, - , , , - - (Ph. Johnson) O (Darwin on Trial) , - . . - , . - ; N . , - , - , . o , - . , - . - ( ) . - . , . . - , . - (.. Berra 1990. Bowler 1989. Eve & Harrold 1991. Futuyma 1983. Gilkey 1985. Godfrey 1983. Gould 1983, 1991. Lindberg & Numbers 1986. Numbers 1992. Ruse 1982. , - , Strahler 1987). N ; , . , -* ..M.: . 167. ANTIMETIZONTA TOY HMIOYPITE159 (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859) (Gould 1987a. Mayr 1982, 1988):: O . - , , - . : , . , - . - - . : , . Natura non facitsaltum . , - . (): , - . : O , (Alfred Russel Wallace), - :. O , : 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 . , , . . , -. . . . , - - , -. , , - . . , - , . 168. 160MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO , - - . - , - , - , . - - , . O , - . 5 , - , N (Eldredge 1971, 1985. Eldredge & Gould 1972), (1985, 1989, 1991) - (punctuated equilibrium), , - . O , , , - (Somit & Peterson 1992). N N (D. Dennett 1995), N (R. Dawkins 1995) - . - -. . O . - . , . , , - - . 169. ANTIMETIZONTA TOY HMIOYPITE 161 1. - - . . , - . - . , - , - :O , , - - . , - , , (Rohr 1986, . 176). , . O , - - : O - - ! , - , (Rohr 1986, . 190). : K Caltech - , . 170. 162 MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO2. --, - . , - , , , , . - . , . .3. -. , - . , . , , ; - , - , , - . , - . - , , - . , , . , 10.000 , , , - , , , , - . , - , . , - . 171. ANTIMETIZONTA TOY HMIOYPITE 163 4. . , - , , - . - . - , ; , - . .5. , . . -; . , - . - . , . - , - . , - . , , - . O - , - - . , , - . , - (- 172. 164 MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO ). , - , , - , , . , , - , .6. - , : - . (. ), . . ! - , . N; ; , ; . , , , . - , , . . , - . O . . , , - , - .7. , , , , . - . , , , , - - 173. ANTIMETIZONTA TOY HMIOYPITE 165 O - . , , , - . , , , , , - , , - . , - , - , . , - ( ) . - - - (.. , - ).8. , , , . - , . , - . , . , . , - . - , - . - . , - 180 . 174. 166 MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO9. . -, . - , - . - . O - , , . - - , . , . - , . . , - .10. . O - , . - , . - (Eve & Harrold 1991, . 55). . , - -. 175. ANTIMETIZONTA TOY HMIOYPITE 167 , , . , , . - - .11. . - . . . -, , . , . , ; . - . . - . , , ! - , 14 ( - N 18), : ; , - , . , - . , (Richard Hardison 1988, . 123): ; , . , . , . , , - 176. 168MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO , - , . O - - . , - ;12. , -. , - ; - ; (Stanley Miller) - . - , .. M . - , , - . ( .) - (, ) . - , - , , - , , - , - ... O , . - , - , , , . 177. ANTIMETIZONTA TOY HMIOYPITE169 13. , , - 6.300 ( 4300 ..). - . 25.000 , 0,5% 2,5 , 10 2.100 , 10 130. - : , 2600 .. 600 . 2600 .. , , . - , 100 - .. - ! . - , , - . O , , - 6 , 14 - - . , - , . M 19 .14. - . O -, - , , 178. 170MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO - . (B. Brattstrom) , : O - . - ... - . O - , . O- ., (allopatric speciation) (Mayr 1970) - , , . - , . , - . - , , - , , .15. , - , , . - . N, , , , , . O Homo Erectus - .O , : ; - 179. ANTIMETIZONTA TOY HMIOYPITE 171 - (1859, . 310). O , . , , . - . - , - . N - Ambulocetus natans (. Science, 14 1994, . 180). N Homo erectus, . - . , , . O - . - . , . . - , , , ... - . 1972 , - . ( ). - , - , - - , , , . , - , . 180. 172 MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO - .16. O N , , , N . , 600 - - . , , . , . - , , N - , . , , , , N , . , , . O N , . A , - ( ). , , . , - - - N (. Kauffman 1993). N .17. . - 181. ANTIMETIZONTA TOY HMIOYPITE173 . , 10158 . , , , . - . N . - . . - . - , , , (. Dawkins 1986). (To be or not to be) , 2613 . O - - . , - , . ; O (Richard Hardison 1988) , , , 335,2 - TOBEORNOTTOBE. O - . O 4,5 .18. . O , , , - .O , ; O 182. 174MEPO TPITO. EEIH KAI HMIOYPIMO ; O - ; O ; , , 19. O - , . , 10.000 , - , - 1400 . , - , - . . , - , . , - . , - , , - ;20. . -, . , , - , , - . , - , . - N (. Mayr 1988). . ,