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Part of a series of lectures given to law students at the University of Münster.
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Common Law Legal System
Reading Cases&
Finding/Citing Cases
By the End of This Lecture We Should
Have a basic understanding of how to find and cite cases
Be generally familiar with how cases can be broken down into parts
Understand why breaking cases into parts is helpful
Be aware that facts shape the issue the court must address, which in turn shapes the law
Have the tools to start discussing how precedent is used
Legal Writing: The “Brief” and Its Various Forms
Brief (UK) / Trial Brief (US)case file prepared by solicitor for barrister setting forth facts, evidence, strategyin the U.S. the lawyer might prepare something similar for himself to use at trial.
Appellate Briefreferred to as Skeleton Arguments in UK.sets forth legal arguments to be made on appeal.cites all relevant statutory and case law.
Amicus Brieffiled by interested third parties upon permission of the court, setting forth legal arguments for the court to consider.
Legal Writing: The “Brief” and Its Various Forms
The Office Memoused by lawyers in the U.S. to predict the outcome of their client's case.sets forth all possible legal arguments.
NOTE – the goal here is not to persuade, as is the case with the appellate brief, rather to analyze
must cite all relevant statutory and case law. The Case Brief
used by students and professionals to break down a case into parts.students use this for class discussion.professionals use this to assist with the aforementioned legal writings.
The Importance of Citation and Reading Skills
One must understand the citation system in order to find cases and statutes.
In most legal writing, correctly “citing” a case is required.
this allows reader to find the case being discussed in the legal writing.
Because case law is a primary source of law, one must understand how to find precedent, which involves reading prior cases and finding:
legal issue, material facts, holding of the case and rationale.
The Parts of a Case
CAPTION TYPE OF ACTION STATEMENT OF FACTS PROCEDURAL HISTORY CONTENTIONS OF THE PARTIES ISSUE(S) HOLDING/RULE(S) OF THE CASE RATIONALE RESULT
Typical Caption (U.S. - Westlaw)
Parties
Summary
case citation
CourtCourt
Author of opinion
Caption: Why Different Party Labels?
United States District Court, D. New Jersey.
ESTATE of Elvis PRESLEY, Plaintiff,v.
Rob RUSSEN, d/b/a The Big El Show, Defendant.
Civ. A. No. 80-0951.513 F.Supp. 1339
April 16, 1981.
---------------------BROTMAN, District Judge.
Caption: Appeals Court, State
Supreme Court of California COMEDY III PRODUCTIONS, INC., Plaintiff and
Respondent,v.
GARY SADERUP, INC., et al., Defendants andAppellants.
No. S076061.April 30, 2001.
NOTICE
Some appellate decision will report both currentstatus, e.g. “Respondents,” as well as statusin trial court, e.g. “Plaintiff”
Case Summary: Hammontree
Action for personal injuries and property damage sustained when automobile driven by defendant who claimed he had become unconsciousduring epileptic seizure crashed through wall ofbicycle shop owned and operated by plaintiffsand struck one plaintiff. The Superior Court, LosAngeles County, Kenneth A. White, J., renderedjudgment on jury verdict in favor of defendant,and plaintiffs appealed. The Court of Appeal, Lillie, J., held that defendant was not absolutely liable for injuries and property damage sustained.
Headnotes: Hammontree
Case Structure: Introduction
Introduction might containtype of action
Substantive - general legal claimsProcedural – ruling on motion, after trial, etc.
claims of the partiesalthough this might also be found in the discussion section of the case
Procedural History – what happened in the court(s) below.Issue(s) – the specific legal question(s) the court is being asked to decide.
will often be shaped by the facts.
Introduction ExampleHammontree
Plaintiff Maxine Hammontree and her husband sued defendant for personal injuries and property damage arising out of an automobile accident. The cause was tried to a jury. Plaintiffs appeal from judgment entered on a jury verdict returned against them and in favor of the defendant.
Procedural History/Issues(Comedy III Case)
The parties waived the right to jury trial and the right to put on evidence, and submitted the case for decision on the following stipulated facts: (the court then sets forth the facts)
******** On these stipulated facts the court found for Comedy III and entered judgment against Saderup awarding damages of $75,000 and attorney’s fees of $150,000 plus costs. The court also issued a permanent injunction . . . .
********The Court of Appeal affirmed the judgment . . . upholding the award of damages, attorney fees, and costs. In so doing, it rejected Saderup’s contentions that his conduct (1) did not violate the terms of the statute, and (2) in any event was protected by the constitutional guaranty of freedom of speech.We granted review to address these two issues.
Case Structure: Discussion
This part will likely be broken into parts depending upon how many issues are present.
The discussion of each issue usually begins with the court setting forth sources of law:
statutes, precedent (case law) The Court then applies the law to the material
facts.Here you might also find the rationale (why the Court applied the rule the way they did).
Finally, the Court makes a “holding” concerning the issue.
this is where you MIGHT find PRECEDENT.
The Meaning of Precedent Generally
“precedent” literally means something that has happened before
In ordinary English, “precedent” has come to mean an event which defines a standard
“Unprecedented” is something that is uncommon or well beyond standard.
“Spam levels run to unprecedented heights”recent headline from PC Magazine
Precedent
The legal principle or rule created by a court which guides judges in subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.
Sometimes called Authority To serve as precedent for a pending case,
a prior decision must have a similar question of law and factual situation.
Holding
Ratio decidendi is a Latin phrase meaning "the reason for the decision".
Also known as rule(s) or holding(s). Characteristics:
Rules necessary for final decisionRule without which decision would be differentRules grounded in specific factsTheory used to make decision based on specific facts.
How Do I Find the Holding?
Look for the rule(s) of law used by the court to come to it's decision(s).
The rule must be necessary for the decision.the result would have been different but for the rule.
In the end, there is no real “rule” for finding the rule. It takes practice and knowledge.
What is Dictum?
Latin for "remark," a comment by a judge in a decision or ruling
which is not required to reach the decision, but may state a related legal principle.
Has no value as precedent. Often hear “it is only dictum (dicta).”
A Simple Illustration
The very foundation, in my opinion, of every rule which has been applied to insurance law is this, namely, that the contract of insurance contained in a marine or fire policy is a contract of indemnity, and of indemnity only, and that this contract means that the insured, in case of a loss against which the policy has been made, shall be fully indemnified, but shall never be more than fully indemnified.
Castellain v. Preston (1883)
Importance of the Holding
Every Court Decision Must Contain:(1) Findings of material facts(2) Statements of principles of law applicable to the legal issues raised by the facts AND(3) A judgment (or judgments) based upon the application of the legal principles to the facts.
The parties care about #3 Future parties in lower courts will care about
#2And this is the only part that is binding on future parties, the only part as researchers that we care about!
Reading With a Purpose
Remember . . .we don't read cases just to read them.we read them for a purpose! We already have a legal question that needs to be answered.our goal is to answer our legal question.
Thus . . . we only read cases that might answer our legal question.we only read the parts of each case that might answer our question.
Remember . . . cases usually have multiple issues.
Finding The IssueHammontree
What is the narrow legal question that the court has to answer?
Use the headnotes to help you find the pertinent discussion.
Pay attention to how the plaintiffs/appellants have framed this case.
Rationale & Result
Rationale: Why did the court decide the way they did? What reasons did they use.This may include precedent (i.e. they ruled the way they did because they had to).
Result: what was the disposition of the caseAffirmed, Reversed, Modified, Remanded
The Case Brief
Facts Procedural History Issue Rule Rationale Outcome
Try to brief the Carbolic Smokeball Case for next session. (can be found on class website)
A Quick Word About Case Citationsin the United States
Finding & Citing Cases
The United States
Typical U.S. Citation
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)
Name of the Parties
Volume
Report Name
Page Number
Year
U.S. = United States Reports
Name of the Parties
U.S. Supreme Court Cases
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510 (1965).
U.S. = U.S. ReportsOfficial government reporter
S.Ct. = Supreme Court ReporterWest Publishing
L.E.2d = United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers Edition
Lexis/Nexis
Federal Appeal Court Cases
United States court of appeals cases are published in the Federal Reporter (F., F.2d, or F.3d).
Published by WestNo “official” reporter
Smith v. Jones, 3 F.3d 111 (3d Cir. 1993)
Name of Parties Volume
Reporter Name
PageCourt Year
Federal Court of Appeals
Federal District Court Cases
United States district court cases and cases from some specialized courts are published in the Federal Supplement (F. Supp. or F. Supp. 2d).
Smith v. Jones, 25 F. Supp. 2d, 444 (M.D. Ala. 2002)
Parties volume reporter page court year
State Decisions
Published in several places Many states have their own “official” reporters. West publishes “unofficial” reporters that are
grouped by region:North Eastern Reporter, Atlantic Reporter, South Eastern Reporter, Southern Reporter, South Western Reporter, North Western Reporter, Pacific ReporterNOTE – NY, Cal, and Ill also have West reporter.
Regional Reporter System
State v. Regional Reporter
City of Troy v Ohlinger, 438 Mich 477 (1991)NOTE – this is the official Michigan Reportsbecause “Mich” is part of the citation, we don't need to cite the court in parenthesis.
COMPARE:
People v Ferency, 133 Mich App 526 (1984)
vs.
People v Ferency, 351 NW2d 225 (Mi. App. 1984).
Court
The Full Citation
People v Ferency, 133 Mich App 526; 351 NW2d 225 (1984).
NOTE:the state reporters can easily be identified because they use an abbreviation related to the state itself:
N.Y., Mich, Calif, IllMany state court rules require both the official and “unofficial” citations for cases.
Examples
Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928) Glassroth v. Moore, 229 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (M.D. Ala.
2002) Geary v. Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish
Sch., 7 F.3d 324 (3d Cir. 1993) Jackson v. Commonwealth, 583 S.E.2d 780 (Va. Ct.
App. 2003)
State or Federal court?Specifically, what court?
Pinpoint Citations
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 158 (1973).
What is this number?
Reading Cases
How it is done in England:Reading Cases, Citations
“Caption”
Parties
Date of Judgment
Judges
NOTE: L.JJ. = Lord Justices
Coca-Cola Financial Corporation v Finsat International Ltd. and Others
Court of Appeal
L.JJ. Neill, Morritt, and Hutchison
1996 April 17, 18; 25
Court
Parties
Catchwords
words identifying legal issues addressed in the case.
Practice—Set—off—Contract—Loan agreement and guarantee containing term excluding right of set—off—Demand for repayment under loan agreement and guarantee—No payment received—Plaintiff suing for amount due—Defendants claiming to set—off counterclaim—Whether term excluding set—off enforceable—Whether plaintiff entitled to summary judgment— Supreme Court Act 1981 (c. 54), s. 49(2)
Headnotes
In 1987 the plaintiff lent the first defendant U.S.$5m. under a loan agreement guaranteed by the secondto eighth defendants. By the guarantee all the defendants agreed to make payment of all sums due under the loan agreement on written demand by the plaintiff. The guarantee further provided that the guarantors would be liable as primary obligors, and that article 5.7 of the loan agreement should . . . .
On the appeal:- Held,.dismissing the appeal, that the parties to a contract were not prevented by section 49(2)of the Supreme Court Act 1981 or any ground of public policy from including in it a term excluding the rightof set-off; that, in the circumstances, the defendants had no arguable counterclaim against the plaintiff, and even if they had, they were prevented by article 5.7 of the loan agreement . . . .
HeadnoteHeadnote, summarising the is-sues, and, after Held, summaris-ing the judgment
Citations Used in the Case
Name of the lower court judge –NOTE – J. is for “judge”
Summary
By writ dated 26 April 1994 the plaintiff, Coca-Cola Financial Corporation, claimed against the defendants, Finsat InternationalLtd. (formerly known as Satra International Ltd.), Satra Ltd., Satra Holdings Ltd., Satra Trading Ltd., Permalite Ltd., IONDeposition Ltd., U.S. Chrome Corporation and Lada Cars (Cayman) Ltd. the sum of U.S.$5m. and interest due under a loanagreement dated 19 October 1987 and a guarantee dated 15 October 1987 made in anticipation of the loan agreement. On 21October 1995 the judge gave summary judgment, under R.S.C., Ord. 14 , for the plaintiff in the sum of $5m. and interest of$996,234·49 against each of the defendants.
By notice of appeal dated 9 February 1995 the defendants appealed on the grounds, inter alia, that (1)(a) the judge erred in failingto find that the defendants had an arguable ground of defence to the plaintiff's action; (b) he found or proceeded on the basis thatthe defendants had arguable substantial claims against the Coca-Cola Co. for sums exceeding by some millions of dollars theplaintiff's claim in the action, all concerning the Coca-Cola Co.'s products and activities in the Soviet Union . . . .
The facts are set out in the judgment of Neill L.J.
A summary of the pleading & facts may be given
NOTE: the drafter of the report is telling the reader to look for more facts in the opinion by Lord Justice Neill
Counsel Arguments
Michael Beloff Q.C. and Timothy Wormington for the defendants. A party to court proceedings cannot waive or contractout of the right given to him by law to set off one debt or claim against another: Taylor v. Okey (1806) 13 Ves. 180 andLechmere v. Hawkins (1798) 2 Esp. 626 . Accordingly, . . .
Kenneth Rokison Q.C. and Michael Pooles for the plaintiff. There is no principle of law which renders a provision suchas article 5.7 invalid or unenforceable: see Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation v. Kloeckner & Co. A.G.[1990] 2 Q.B. 514 . . . .
Names of Counsel; the Law Reports also give their argument
Decisions by the Judges
Cur. adv. vult.
25 April. The following judgments were handed down
Neill L.J.
The plaintiff in these proceedings is Coca-Cola Financial Corporation ("C.C.F.C."). By an agreement in writing dated 19October 1987 ("the loan agreement") C.C.F.C. agreed to lend to the first defendant, Finsat International Ltd. ("Finsat")(then known as Satra International Ltd.), a sum not exceeding U.S.$5m. . . .
I would dismiss the appeal
Curia advisari vult is a Latin legal term meaning "the court wishes to consider the matter"
The date the decisions were made public
Opinion of Lord Justice Neill
Ends by clearly stating the outcome
The Opinions
Morritt L.J.
I agree.
Hutchison L.J.
I also agree
The opinion of Lord Justice Morritt
The opinion of Lord Justice Hutchison
NOTE: If judges may agree with the outcome but give a differentreason OR disagree with the outcome and file a “dissenting” opinion.
Subsequent Actions
Petition: 25 July. The Appeal Committee of the House of Lords (Lord Browne-Wilkinson, LordMustill and Lord Hoffmann) dismissed a petition by the defendant for leave to appeal.
One must petition the House of Lords (now Supreme Court)to hear an appeal from the Court of Appeal. This petitionwas denied.
How To Cite Law Reports
Thus, if one wishes to find the El Ajou case in Westlaw, one must use the citation [1993] 3 All ER 717 to find it. Here the year is part of the citation needed to find a case, whereas in the United States it is not.
NOTE - Round brackets ( ) are used around the year in a legal citation when the series has consecutive volume numbers and the year is not essential for finding the case (similar to U.S.).
Neutral Citations
NOTE: Judgment Number NOT page number!!!
Complete Citations for Reports with Available Neutral Citations
Same idea as the “full citation” in the U.S. context