Bell Ringer- Copy the question and correct answer on the top of your notes handout

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

EQ: What are the lasting consequences of Reconstruction?

Reconstruction Amendments13th Amendment

• Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except for in punishment of a crime

• Many slaves were already set free by the Emancipation Proclamation

• This amendment OFFICIALLY makes slavery unconstitutional

Reconstruction Amendments14th Amendment

• Anyone born in the United States was considered a citizen of the U.S.

• This protected the citizenship from being taken away by future laws

• The state could NOT take a person’s life, liberty, or property “without due process of law”

• Every person was entitled to “equal protection of the laws”

Reconstruction Amendments15th Amendment

• State and federal governments cannot deny any male the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

• In other words, this amendment gives all African-American men the right to vote

Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan vs Wade-Davis Bill (Radical Republicans)

• Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan• Southern voters in each

state had to take an oath of loyalty to the Union

• When 10% of voters had taken the oath, the state could form a new state government

• New state governments had to write a new constitution that outlawed slavery

• Lincoln offered amnesty to all Southerners except Confederate leaders

• Radical Republicans (Wade-Davis Bill)• Radicals believed Lincoln was

being too easy on the South• A majority of state’s white male

adults had to pledge loyalty to the Union

• Only the white males who swore they had not fought against the Union could vote for delegates to a state constitutional convention

• All new state constitutions had to ban slavery

• Former Confederates could not hold office

Andrew Johnson• Becomes president

after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated

• Southerner (TN) who supported the Union during the war

Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction

• Give amnesty to most Southerners who swore loyalty to the Union

• High-ranking Confederate officers could receive pardons by appealing to the president (meant to humiliate the leaders)

• Southern states had to outlaw slavery before they could re-enter the Union but he believed African-Americans should not have equal rights (“White men alone must manage the South”)

• All states would have to ratify the 13th Amendment

Johnson vs. The Radical Republicans

• Radical Republicans believed Johnson was being too easy on the South

• Pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to combat the black codes (gave the federal government the power to protect African Americans from unfair state governments)

• Johnson vetoed both bills, but Radical Republicans were able to override the vetoes

• Radical Republicans began building their own plan for Reconstruction

Black Codes• Southern states were passing

laws designed to control newly freed African Americans

• African Americans could not own or rent farms

• African Americans could be fined for not having a job

• African Americans were forced to use separate facilities, etc. (segregation)

• Life under the black codes was only slightly better than slavery

Freedman’s Bureau• Founded by Lincoln and

others

• Helped freed slaves adjust to life after slavery

• Provided food, clothing, medicine, etc.

• Set up schools

• Fought for fair pay

• Set up special courts to try those who violated African American rights

Johnson vs. The Radical Republicans

• In the election of 1866, Johnson campaigned against the 14th Amendment

• Radical Republicans won an overwhelming majority in Congress

• Radical Republicans passed the Reconstruction Acts

Johnson’s Impeachment

• Because Johnson strongly opposes the Reconstruction Acts, Congress passes laws to limit his power

• The Tenure of Office Act stated that the president could not remove government officials, even those in his own cabinet

• Johnson deliberately violated the Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

• The House of Representatives voted to impeach the president

• Johnson’s defenders argued that Congress was impeaching for political reasons

• Some moderate Republicans supported Johnson in the trial and the Senate failed to get the 2/3 majority needed to remove the president

The Ku Klux Klan• Many whites were fearing an

African American revolt

• The KKK was a vigilante group formed to “keep order” (in reality, it was cruel violence and intimidation)

• The KKK was formed in Pulaski, TN by six former Confederate soldiers

• After African-American freedmen received the right to vote, the KKK turned into a terrorist organization that spread into other parts of the South

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

• Southern whites who supported the Republican party were called “scalawags” (“scoundrel” or “worthless rascal”)

• Carpetbaggers- Northern whites who moved to the South after the war• White southerners were

suspicious• Some were dishonest people

looking to take advantage of the South

• Most were honest people

Jim Crow Laws• A continuation of the black

codes, but not as severe

• Voting Restrictions• Poll Taxes- Many African

Americans couldn’t afford to pay

• Literacy Tests- Voters had to read and explain difficult parts of the state constitution

• Grandfather Clauses- Allowed poor uneducated whites to be excluded from poll taxes and literacy tests if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction

Jim Crow Laws• Segregation-

separation of races

• Plessy vs Ferguson (1896)- Supreme Court case that segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities were equal to those designated for whites (“separate but equal”)

Election of 1876• Republicans were wanting to keep control of the White House and

chose Ruthorford B. Hayes as their nominee

• Hayes was a moderate who appealed to voters in both the North and the South

• Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden

• Neither received a majority of electoral votes because of confusing election returns

• Republicans claimed that votes in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana had not been counted

• Congress named a commission to decide who should get the disputed votes. All votes went to Hayes

• Hayes won by one electoral vote

Election of 1876

Exodusters• Former slaves began leaving the

South

• Migrated to agricultural communities in Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois

• They get their name from the biblical book of Exodus where the Israelites escaped slavery in Egypt

• During the 1870’s, more than 20,000 African Americans migrated to Kansas

• Benjamin “Pap” Singleton from Tennessee led thousands of Exodusters to Kansas

• Part of Topeka, KS was known as “Tennessee Town” because so many former slaves migrated from TN

Buffalo Soldiers• Other African Americans

served in integrated army units and fought in western Indian Wars

• They were called “buffalo soldiers” by the Apache and Cheyenne tribes

• These soldiers also served in Cuba, the Philippines, Hawaii, and Mexico

• George Jordan, from TN, received the Congressional Medal of Honor for his service

Urban Migration• By 1890, most Southern African

Americans were moving North

• They were looking for factory jobs

• Settled in major cities like Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and New York

• “Push-Pull” effect:• African Americans were deciding

to leave to escape mistreatment in the South (push)

• African Americans were deciding to leave because work in the North was something they desired (pull)

Reconstruction in TN• Tennessee accepted

the 14th Amendment early

• Fourteen African Americans were elected to the Tennessee legislature during the late 1800’s• Sampson W. Keeble

from Davidson Co.

Reconstruction in TN

• State Constitutional Convention of 1870• Outlawed slavery

in Tennessee• Introduced a poll

tax

Reconstruction in TN• 1878 Yellow Fever

Epidemic• Yellow fever spread

from the Gulf of Mexico to Memphis along the Mississippi River

• By the end of the year, 5,000 people in Memphis died from the disease

• Throughout the South, 20,000 people died from the disease and 80,000 survived the infection

Acrostic• Create an acrostic using the term, “reconstruction” that describes the time

period.• R• E• C• O• N• S• T• R• U• C• T• I• O• N

Review Option- Class 4B Only

• Create a 10 question quiz (multiple choice) using your notes over Reconstruction

• If you complete this, you will be able to use these questions to help you with your quiz tomorrow!

Reconstruction Partner Activity

• Paper Slide Video- With your assigned partner, you will perform research on a Reconstruction topic of your choice. You will create a paper slide video detailing what you have learned. • You will submit the following: a digital copy of

the paper slide video (we will discuss options for this)

• A copy of the script for your video

Reconstruction Partner Activity

• You may choose one of the following as a topic:• The impact of the Reconstruction Amendments• The conflict between Andrew Johnson and the

Radical Republicans• Comparing Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan to the Radical

Republican Plan for Reconstruction• The Freedmen’s Bureau and the impact of Jim

Crow laws.• Carpetbaggers and Scalawags• The controversy of the 1876 Election