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Renewable Energy
Dr. Suhail Zaki Farooqui
Pakistan Navy Engineering College
National University of Sciences & Technology
Text Book
Text Books
3. Wind Turbine Engineering Design
By David M. Eggleston
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company NY
4. Power From The Sunby William B. Stine and Michael Geyer, 2001
Energy Scenario for Pakistan
Total Installed capacity ~ 21,000 MW
Actual Demand ~ 18,000 MW
Actual Production ~ 12,000 MW
Shortfall ~ 6000 MW
Energy Mix of Pakistan
1
2
3
4
5
46% Gas
35% Oil
12% Hydel
6% Coal2% Nuclear
Fuel for Electricity Generation in Pakistan
1
2
3
4
36% Oil
32% Hydel
27% Gas
5% Others
Projected Power Demand in Pakistan (2009-2030)
20.59424.474
36.217
54.359
80.566
113.695
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Po
we
r (G
W)
Energy Transitions• Global energy consumption ~ 15.4 billion MWh/y
• Demand for energy is to rise by 50% by 2030
• Conventional power stations will be phased out completely by 2037
• Required global investment in energy business up to 2030 ~ US $ 9 trillion
• Low-carbon energy industry is set to be worth $3 trillion per year by 2050.
• Renewable energy could contribute 80% of global energy supply by 2050, report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Targets 2020
• Australia to offer 50% rebate for small wind turbines to achieve 20% renewable by 2020 – may become 100% renewable if spends 3% of its GDP ($ 330bn)
• India’s ‘New Solar Mission’ – the most ambitious solar energy development plan in the world - 20 GW by 2022 – 75% of world’s total solar energy
• India aims to generate 15% of its electricity from renewables by 2020
• Brazil to invest $ 5.5bn on Renewable Energy until 2013
New Strategies
• US-DOE Announces Research Funding up to $6 Million for addressing 20% Wind Energy by 2030
• DOE Awards 16 Contracts for up to $80 Billion in Projects at Federal Facilities, December 2008
• Wind and solar power-generation combined will match new conventional generation by 2025
• AWEA Wind Power conference 2011had over 20,000 attendees – 2009 had 5,000
Renewable Energy Sources Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Biomass Energy
Biofuels
Geothermal Energy
Tidal / Wave / Ocean Energy
Hydel Power
Nuclear Energy
Wind Energy Technology
Wind Energy History
Nassuden Wind Park Sweden
3 MW
Wind Turbine
Wind Energy
• World’s total installed wind power capacity ~ 300 GW by the end of 2012
• Global wind power to reach 400 GW by 2014
• Wind capacity will reach 7,500GW by 2025
• US Off Shore wind power capacity > 4000 GW – Total US consumption ~ 1000 GW
Wind Blades ~ 80 meter length
• Global Wind Energy Business in 2011 > $ 100x109
Accumulated Global Wind Power Capacity 1995-2011
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Year (1995 - 2011)
Win
d P
ow
er (
MW
)
Projected US Wind Power Installation 2003-20165000 - 2,640,000 MW
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Year - 2003 - 2016
Me
ga
wa
t In
sta
lled
A factor of 100 from
2008 capacity
25000 MW
2008
Wind Targets 2030
• EU 20% Renewable by 2020 (17% Wind – 230 GW)
• EU 35% Wind by 2030 – 400 GW • China overtaken USA with currently 63000 MW
• China - All electricity from Wind by 2030
• India Currently at 16,000 MW aiming for 200,000 MW by 2030
Wind Turbine Engineering Design
David M. Eggleston
Aero Technology
One must enter into wind-turbine aerodynamics analysis with a proper feeling for the complexity of the subject.
After doing this sort of thing full-time for 30 to 40 years with many different flow problems, you begin to have a decent understanding of how fluid is likely to flow.
TTT
Things
Take
Time
The Gharo Wind Corridor – 11,000 MW
Vertical Axis
Over 8000 components
Lift Production in Airfoil
NACA 4415
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Coefficient of Lift For NACA 4415
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Angle (degrees)
Cl
Coefficient of Drag Versus Lift for NACA 4415
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Cl
Cd
Design theories grasped and computer simulated
i) Frankine –Froude Actuator Disc Theory
ii) Glauert Annulus Momentum Vortex Theory
iii) Prescribed-Wake Vortex Theory
iv) Free-Wake Vortex Theory
v) Optimal Rotor Theory
vi) Dual Optimum Theory
vii) Modified Glauert Momentum Theory
viii) Wilson & Lissaman’s Theory
ix) Linearized Tip Correction Theory
Design Equations – Linearized Tip Correction Theory
P = Cp A V3 / 2 (1)
F = (2/) cos-1[exp{(-B/2)((Ro- r)/r sin)}] (2)
Cp = 8 F sin2 (cos – X sin) (sin + X cos) [1 - Cd / Cl cot] X2 dX / 2 (3)
Xhub
opt = MAX [ F sin2 (cos – X sin) (sin + X cos) {1 - Cd / Cl cot} ] (4)
where , X, and Cd / Cl are held constant in the maximization process
(c Cl / Ro)opt = [(8/B) (r/ Ro) F sin (cos – X sin) / (sin + X cos)]=opt (5)
500 Watt
250 Watt
Both Both 500 Watt
250 Watt
Both
Blade Section No.
Radial Position
(meters)
Radial Position
(meters)
Twist(opt-)
(Degrees)
(c Cl / Ro)opt Cord Length
(meters)
Cord Length
(meters)
TipCorrec
Factor
1. 0.249 0.185 22.0 0.224 0.233 0.172 1.000
2. 0.319 0.235 17.5 0.205 0.212 0.158 1.000
3. 0.388 0.285 14.0 0.184 0.191 0.144 1.000
4. 0.458 0.335 11.0 0.169 0.175 0.130 1.000
5. 0.528 0.385 9.0 0.151 0.156 0.118 0.999
6. 0.597 0.435 7.0 0.139 0.145 0.108 0.999
7. 0.667 0.485 5.5 0.128 0.132 0.098 0.998
8. 0.737 0.535 4.5 0.116 0.120 0.090 0.995
9. 0.806 0.585 3.5 0.106 0.110 0.084 0.989
10. 0.876 0.635 2.5 0.099 0.103 0.077 0.980
11. 0.946 0.685 2.0 0.088 0.092 0.072 0.959
12. 1.015 0.735 1.0 0.083 0.086 0.066 0.928
13. 1.0854 0.785 0.5 0.072 0.074 0.059 0.857
14. 1.155 0.835 -0.5 0.061 0.063 0.050 0.735
15. 1.224 0.885 -0.1 0.032 0.043 0.036 0.403
Twist Distribution with Tip Correction Features
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Spanwise Radial Position (meters)
Tw
ist
An
gle
(d
egre
es)
Optimal Tip Corrected Blade Shape
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Blade Span (meters)
Bla
de
Ch
ord
(m
ete
rs)
4 8 18 21 32 42 50 mm
Root Cut Area
Side View of the Log (2” x 6” x 45”)
Front face
drop
Balancing weights
Suspension
Twisted Aluminum pipe piece
Stainless Steel Rod
Galvanized iron sheet
Rivets
Electric Generators
500 Watts
1500 Watt Generator
Gear Ratio Calculation
Tip Speed Ratio = 6
Power Required = 500 Watts
Rated Wind Speed = 8 m/s
Air Density = 1.2 kg / m^3
Efficiency = 25 %
Power = Density x Area x Efficiency x (Speed)^3 / 2
Blade Length = 4’-8”
RPM = 320
Generator RPM = 1500
Gear Ratio = 1500 / 320 = 4.7
Wind Rose
Wind Data Profile at Shahabandar (May 21-June 21, 2002)
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Wind Velocity (m/s)
Nu
mb
er
of
Ho
urs
30 feet
100 feet
Average 6.02 m/s
Average 7.53 m/sPower (100') = 2 x Power (30')
Power Versus Wind Speed
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Wind Speed (m/s)
Po
wer
(k
W/m
2)
Accumulated Power Versus Wind Speed Rating
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Wind Speed (m/s)
Ava
ilab
le P
ow
er a
t T
urb
ine
Rat
ing
(kW
/m2)