Hello, I’m Baymax your Research Companion.

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BY MYLA D. GERMANMALABON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

RESEARCH DESIGNS

What is Research Design?-Like a blueprint for the research. -A research design is a plan that guides the decision as to: When and How often to

collect dataWhat data to gather and

from whomHow to analyze data

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• A systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning.

• A formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining information about the world. A method used to describe, test relationships, and examine cause and effect relationships

• To gain insight; explore the depth, richness, and complexity inherent in the phenomenon.

• To test relationships, describe, examine cause and effect relations

Qualitative Research Designs

Describes and examines events of the past to understand the present and anticipate potential future effects.

HISTORICAL

Describe a culture's characteristics.

Ethnography

is a type of qualitative research that seeks action to improve practice and study the effects of the action that was taken.

Case study

Describe in-depth the experience of one person, family, group, community, or institution.

Action Research

Quantitative Research Designs

Pre-experimental Design Quasi-experimental Design True Experimental Design

Experimental design

DESIGN CONTROL VARIABLES RANDOMIZATION

Pre-experimental

True experimental

Quasi-experimental

NO

YES

YES

NO

YES

NO

Pre -Experimental Design

Is the simplest form of research design. In a pre-experiment either a single group or multiple groups are observed subsequent to some agent or treatment presumed to cause change.

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

o One-shot case study designo One-group pretest-posttest designo Static-group comparison

Let us use the symbols in some examples:X- Treatment O test O1 O2 O3 O4... series of tests O1 Pre test O2 Post test R-Randomization

One Shot Case Study To attempt to explain a consequence by an

antecedent. X O

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

One Group Pretest-Posttest Design To evaluate the influence of a variable.

O1 X O2

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Static Group Comparison To determine the influence of a variable on

one group and not on another. GROUP I O1 X

GROUP II O2

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Quasi Experimental Design“QUASI”- LATIN WORD MEANS ALMOST BUT NOT REALLY

A quasi-experiment is an empirical study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on its target population.

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Control Group Posttest Design Control Group Pretest-Posttest DesignNonequivalent Control Group Design with Posttest Only Nonequivalent Control Group Design with Pretest and

PosttestTime Series Experimental design

Quasi-Experimental Designs Control Group Posttest Design

Researcher implemented a treatment without pretest. Without comparison

X O

Control Group Pretest-Posttest Groups Design

Quasi-Experimental Designs

O1   X  O2

Pretest and posttest comparison are prone to many errors and biases.Useful when pre scores are available to educators that have been stable for long period of time.

Quasi-Experimental Designs Nonequivalent Control Group with

Posttest Design Control group is utilized. There is posttest but

no pretest. Selection is bias.

X O O

Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design

To investigate a situation where random selection and assignment are not possible. Most commonly used quasi-experiment design.

O1 X O2 O1 ___ O2

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs Time Series Experimental Design

To determine the influence of a variable introduced only after a series of initial of observations and

only where one group is available.

O1 O2 O3 O4 X O5 O6 O7 O8

Quasi-Experimental Designs Control Group Time Series Design

To bolster the validity of the previous design with the addition of a control group.

O1 O2 O3 O4 X O5 O6 O7 O8

O1 O2 O3 O4

O5 O6 O7 O8

True Experimental Design

True Experimental Design regarded as the most accurate form of experimental research. it tries to prove or disprove a hypothesis mathematically, with statistical analysis. employ both a control group and a means to measure the change that occurs in both groups. often thought of as the only research method that can adequately measure the cause and effect relationship

For an experiment to be classed as a true experimental design, it must fit all of the following criteria.

The sample groups must be assigned randomly. There must be a viable control group. Only one variable can be manipulated and tested. It is possible to test more than one, but such experiments and their statistical analysis tend to be cumbersome and difficult.

The tested subjects must be randomly assigned to either control or experimental groups.

True Experimental Designcan be classified as:Randomized subjects posttest-only control group designRandomized matched subjects posttest-only control group designRandomized subjects pretest-posttest control group designSolomon three-group designSolomon four-group design

To discuss about experimental designs, we need to use some terms and symbols.X = independent variable or the treatment.E = experimental group (group that receives the treatment)C = control group (group that DOES NOT receive the treatment)O testS = subjectsR = randomization/random assignmentMr = matching of subjects

Posttest Equivalent Groups Study

Each group, chosen and assigned at random is presented with either the treatment or some type of control

Posttests are then given to each subject to determine if a difference between the two groups exists.

It is difficult to determine if the difference apparent at the end of the study is an actual change from the possible difference at the beginning of the study.

True Experimental Design

Randomized subjects, posttest-only control group design is illustrated as follows:

(R) E X O2

(R) C ▬ O2

Randomized matched subjects, posttest-only control group design is illustrated as follows:

(Mr)E X O2

C ▬ O2

Pretest Posttest Equivalent Groups Study

this method is the most effective in terms of demonstrating cause and effect but it is also the most difficult to perform. The pretest posttest equivalent groups design provides for both a control group and a measure of change but also adds a pretest to assess any differences between the groups prior to the study taking place.

True Experimental Design

Randomized subjects, pretest-posttest control group design is illustrated as follows:

(R) E O1 X O2

(R) C O1 ▬ O2

True Experimental Design

Solomon Group Design The Solomon group design is a way of avoiding some of the difficulties associated with the pretest-posttest design. This design contains extra control groups, which serve to reduce the influence of confounding variables and allow the researcher to test whether the pretest itself has an effect on the subjects.

Solomon three-group design is illustrated as follows:

(R) E O1 X O2

(R) C1 O1 ▬ O2

(R) C2 ▬ X O2

Solomon four-group design is illustrated as follows:

(R) E O1 X O2

(R) C1 O1 ▬ O2

(R) C2 ▬ X O2

(R) C3 ▬ ▬ O2

Advanges and Disadvantages of

True Experimental Design

Advantages The results of a true experimental design can be statistically analyzed and so there can be little argument about the results. It is also much easier for other researchers to replicate the experiment and validate the results. For physical sciences working with mainly numerical data, it is much easier to manipulate one variable, so true experimental design usually gives a yes or no answer.

Disadvantages can be almost too perfect, with the conditions being under complete control and not being representative of real world conditions. For psychologists and behavioral biologists, for example, there can never be any guarantee that a human or living organism will exhibit ‘normal’ behavior under experimental conditions.

Disadvantages can be too accurate and it is very difficult to obtain a complete rejection or acceptance of a hypothesis because the standards of proof required are so difficult to reach.

difficult and expensive to set up. They can also be very impractical. for some fields, like physics, there are not as many variables so the design is easy, for social sciences and biological sciences, where variations are not so clearly defined it is much more difficult to exclude other factors that may be affecting the manipulated variable.

Thank You for listening,

God Bless.mdcGerman

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Referencesohttp://allpsych.com/researchmethods/trueexperimentaldesign.htmlohttp://quantres.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/quantitative-research-designs/ohttps://explorable.com/true-experimental-designohttp://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=5&n=14ohttp://web.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa696/696preexo http://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/qualdsgn.html

PRE EXPERIMENTAL Designsohttp://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/qualdohttp://health.prenhall.com/nieswiadomy/pdf/NIESWIADOMY10.pdfsgn.html