RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Mohit Chauhan9802309547

Meaning of Research• Is the pursuit of truth with help of study, observations, comparison and

experiment.

Objectives of Research Research comprises

• Defining and redefining the problems• Formulating the hypotheses or suggested solutions.• Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.• Making deductions and reading conclusions• And at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they

fit the formulating hypotheses

Motivation in Research

• Desire to get research degree• Desire to face challenges in solving the

unsolved problems• Desire to get intellectual joy doing some

creative work• Desire to be of service to the society• Desire to get responsibility

TYPES OF RESEARCH• Descriptive Research:-Means description of the state of

affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports only what has happened or what is happening

• Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industry/ business organizations

• Quantitative Research:-Based on the measurement of quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.

• Conceptual Research: - Related to some abstract ideas or theory. Used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or re-interpret existing ones.

• Empirical Research: - Relies on experience or observations alone, often without due regard for system and theory.

• Qualitative Research: - Concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon relating to or involving quality or kind.

• Fundamental Research: - Mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory.

• Analytical Research: - Researcher has to use facts on information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

RESEARCH METHODS Vs. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

– Research Methods:- Refers to the methods/ techniques researchers use in performing research operations.

– Research Methodology:- It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are generally adopted by researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them.

Difference between Methods and Techniques

TYPETYPE METHODSMETHODS TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

Library Research Library Research (i)Analysis of historical records(i)Analysis of historical records(ii)Analysis of documents (ii)Analysis of documents

Recording of notes, Contents analysis, Tape and listening Recording of notes, Contents analysis, Tape and listening and analysis.and analysis.Statistical compilation and manipulations, references and Statistical compilation and manipulations, references and abstract guides, contents analysis. abstract guides, contents analysis.

2. Field Research 2. Field Research (i) Non-participant direct observation(i) Non-participant direct observation(ii) participant observation (ii) participant observation (iii) Mass observation(iii) Mass observation(iv) Mail questionnaire(iv) Mail questionnaire(v) Opinionnaire(v) Opinionnaire(vi) Personal interview(vi) Personal interview(vii) Focused interview(vii) Focused interview(ix) Telephone survey(ix) Telephone survey(x) Case study and life history (x) Case study and life history

Observational behavioral scales, use of score cards, Observational behavioral scales, use of score cards, etc.Interactional recording possible use of tape recorders, etc.Interactional recording possible use of tape recorders, photo graphic techniques.Recording mass behaviour, photo graphic techniques.Recording mass behaviour, interview using independent observers in public interview using independent observers in public placesIdentification of social and economic background of placesIdentification of social and economic background of respondentsUse of attitude scales, projective techniques, respondentsUse of attitude scales, projective techniques, use of sociometric scales.Interviewer uses a detailed use of sociometric scales.Interviewer uses a detailed schedule with open and closed questionsInterviewer schedule with open and closed questionsInterviewer focuses attention upon a given experience and its focuses attention upon a given experience and its effectsUsed as a survey technique for information and for effectsUsed as a survey technique for information and for discerning opinion may also be used as a follow up of discerning opinion may also be used as a follow up of questionnaireCross sectional collection of data for intensive questionnaireCross sectional collection of data for intensive analysis, longitudinal collection of data of intensive analysis, longitudinal collection of data of intensive charactercharacter

3. Laboratory 3. Laboratory Research Research

Small groups study of random behavior, play Small groups study of random behavior, play and role analysis and role analysis

Small groups study of random behavior, play and role Small groups study of random behavior, play and role analysis analysis

DETERMINING SAMPLE DESIGN

Sample design is the heart of research workSteps in Sample Design

• Define the universe• Sampling unit• Source list or sampling frame• Size of sample• Sampling method or technique• Parameters of interest• Budgetary constraint• Select the sample

METHODS OF SAMPLING

Samples may be grouped into two broad classes according to their method of selection. Namely:

• Random or Probability Sampling• Non- Random or Non-Probability Sampling.

Random or Probability Sampling

Major random or probability samples are• Simple random sample• Systematic sample• Stratified random sample• Multi-stage random sample• Cluster sample or area sample• Sequential sample or sample in installments• Replicated or interpenetrating sample

Non –Random or Non-Probability Sampling

Major Non-random or Non-probability samples are:-

• Purposive sample• Quota sample• Convenience sample

METHODS OF COLLECTION OF DATA

While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study, the researcher should keep in mind two types. i.e.

• Primary Data• Secondary Data

Collection of Primary Data

There are several methods of collecting primary data. These are:-

• Questionnaires• Observations• Interviews• Schedules

Collection of Secondary Data Secondary data means data that is already available i.e. it may be either

published or unpublished. Published data are available in:-

• Various publications of the central, state or local governments• Various publications by foreign governments or international bodies and

their subsidiary organizations• Technical and trade journals• Books, magazines and newspapers• Reports and publications of various organizations connected with business

and industry, Banks, Stock exchanges etc.• Reports prepared by research scholars, universities, economists etc in

different fields• Public records and statistics, historical documents and other sources of

published information

Sources of unpublished data are many and they include:-

Diaries• Letters• Unpublished biographies and autobiographies• Data available with research scholars and

research workers, trade associations, labour bureaus and other public/ private individuals and organizations

PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

After collection of data it has to be processed and analyzed.

Process of AnalysisProcess of Analysis EditingEditing Coding Coding ClassificationClassification TabulationTabulation

Elements /Types of Analysis• Descriptive analysis• Correlation analysis • Multivariate analysis Under multivariate we have the following analysis– Multiple regression analysis– Multiple discriminant analysis– Multivariate analysis of variance (or Multi-ANOVA)– Canonical analysis

• Inferential analysis

HYPOTHESIS TESTING Hypothesis means a mere assumption or some supposition to be proved

or disapproved

Characteristics of Hypothesis

• It should be clear and precise• Should be capable of being tested• It should state the relationship between variables• It should be limited by scope and be specific• It should be stated as far as possible with most simple terms so that the

same is easily understandable by all concerned• It should be consisted with most known facts• It should be amenable to testing within a reasonable time• Must explain the facts that gave rise to the need for explanation

Types of Hypothesis

– Null Hypothesis– Alternative Hypothesis

Testing of Hypothesis

Procedure of testing Hypothesis

• Formulate a null or alternative Hypothesis• Choose the level of significance of the test• Choose the location of the critical region• Choose the appropriate test statistics• Compute from the sample observations for the observed value

of the chosen statistics using the relevant formula• Compare the sample value of the chosen statistics with the

theoretical (table) value that defines the critical region.

Methods of Testing Hypothesis

• Parametric Tests or Standard tests of Hypothesis

The important parametric tests are:-– Z- Test– T-Test– X- Test and– F- Test

Non –Parametric tests or Distribution free test of Hypothesis

A. One sample and Two sample tests– Binomial test – Chi- square test– McNemar test

B. K- sample tests ( K > 3)• Kruskal-Wallis test : H• Friedman test• Kendall`s coefficient of concordance: W

INTERPRETATION

• Interpretation of data means the task of drawing conclusions and of explaining their significance after a careful analysis of data

Techniques of Interpretation

Interpretation requires a great skill on the part of the researcher. It is an art that one learns through practice and experience

The technique of interpretation often involves the following steps:-

• Researcher must give reasonable explanations of the relations which he has found

• Extraneous information, if collected during the study must be considered while interpreting the final result

• Its advisable before embarking upon final interpretation to consult someone having insight into the study

• Researchers must accomplish the task of interpretation only after considering all relevant factors affecting the problem.

PRESENTATION OF REPORTA. Preliminary pages• Title page• Certificate of supervisor• Table of contents• Preface• Acknowledgement• Listing of tables• Listing of figures• Abbreviations

B. Main text• Introduction• Objectives• Methodology• Findings• Limitations• Conclusion and recommendations

C. End matter• Appendix• Bibliography

Alphabetical order books reports journals name of author ,title ,place publisher

volume ,page number • Glossary