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Research Philosophy in Social Sciences
Presented by
Prof. J. P. VermaDirector, Centre for Advanced Studies
MSc (Stat), PhD, MA(Psychology), Masters(Computer Application)
Email: [email protected]
Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, India
(Deemed University)Govt. of India, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
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General Notion About Research
Something very abstract and complicated
But
Enjoyable if Research Process is properly understood
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How a Research Project is Organized
A research project has a well-known structure
Beginning
Middle
End
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Research in Early Days
By Using Logics
Logical Reasoning was Used
For any research problem
To get answer
logic have carried over into contemporary research
Due to which
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System of Logic
Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning
Modern Research uses both these reasoning
Latest Books of Prof.J.P.Verma on Research and Statistics published by Wiley, Springer
and TataMcGraw Hills can be6
Seen Here
If this presentation is helpful to you kindly give your
likeFor any query about understanding this presentation Kindly
write to
Dr. J.P.VermaProfessor of Statistics
Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education(Deemed University)
(Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Govt. of India)Shakti nagar, Gwalior – 474002, M.P., India
Email: [email protected]
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Inductive ReasoningBottom up
approach
From specific observations to generalizations
begin to detect patterns and regularities
formulate some tentative hypotheses that you can explore
End up developing some general conclusions or theories
Most social researches have inductive and deductive processes both
More open-ended and exploratory
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Deductive Reasoning
Confirm or deny original theory
Top down approach
From the more general to the more specific
Begin with a theory about the topic of interest
Narrow down into more specific hypotheses you can test
Narrow down further while collecting observations to address the hypotheses
Test the hypothesis with specific sample
More narrow and confirmatory
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Philosophy of Science
How we come to know the world?
Epistemology
How the world is known
Philosophy of knowledge
Methodology Practical way of
getting to know about world
Focused on specific ways to understand our world
Ontology
How actually the world is made
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Contemporary Social Research
Based on two major philosophical school of thoughts
Positivism Post-Positivism
relativism, subjectivism, hermeneutics, deconstructivism, constructivism, feminism
Other alternatives
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Positivism ApproachRejection of Metaphysics
Belief: The only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge
Goal of knowledge is to describe the phenomena that we can observe, measure or experience
Knowledge of anything beyond that is impossible. Usually characterized by quantitative approach Society is like physical world and operates according to general rules Introspective and intuitive knowledge is rejected Researcher and the researched persons are independent of each other
Features
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Postpositivism ApproachThe universe is deterministic
It operates by laws of cause and effect No distinct difference between us and the way scientists think and work.
Only degree differs All observation is fallible and has error and that all theory is revisable. goal of science was to uncover the truth the goal of science is to know about the reality although we can never
achieve that goal. All observations are theory-laden and that scientists and subjects are
inherently biased by their cultural experiences, world views, and so on.
Features
Shift from Positivism to postpositivism in mid 20th Century
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Assumptions in Research
All theories are based on assumptions Violation of assumptions affects the
validity of findings
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ValidityTruth of a given proposition, inference, or conclusion
General views about validity Can I say that my study resulted valid conclusions because
measure is a valid valid sample was drawn design had strong validity
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Understanding Validity
Research Question: Whether Incentive enhances productivity ?
Incentive Productivity
2% of the receipt Quantum of salessix monthly
Conclusion Validity Whether relationship exists
Internal Validity
Construct Validity
External Validity
If relationship exists, is it causal one?
Extent of generalizibility of construct
Extent of generalization of findings
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Ethics in Research
Voluntary participation Informed consent No risk of harm Confidentiality Anonymity difficult if measured on multiple occasion Person's right to service – if program has beneficial effect
Clearance from Institutional Review Board
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Types of Research Study
Research Study
Correlational
Experimental
Lack causal relationship IV already occurred Large sample required Internal validity is less
Explain causal relationship Experimenter manipulates
IV Small sample required Internal validity is more
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Structure of ResearchSteps in Experimental Research
Starts with a broad area of interest
Conceptualize Initial broad question for conducting study
Step 1
Step 2
Most social research in social sciences originates from some general problem
Practical Problems in the field Literature in your field Requests for Proposals Think of your own
Decide feasibilityStep 3 How long research will
take Ethical constraints Needed cooperation Cost
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Define different research questions by narrowing down the problemStep 4
Structure of ResearchSteps in research process
Do review analysisStep 3 Helps you in including all major constructs Helps in deriving the outcome you can expect in your study Helps in finding appropriate measurement instruments Get the prior experience to avoid common pitfalls Provides scientific base to your deductive research
An Example Whether Incentive improves Sales?Two broad a question
Formulate hypothesis
Whether Cash incentive enhances sales of Vacuum cleaner
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Structure of ResearchSteps in research
process
Choose statistical techniques accordingly
Test assumptions for the techniques to be used
Step 9
Step 10
Generalize the findings of the studyStep 12
Deduction and InductionStep 11
Write different hypotheses to be verifiedStep 7
Decide the design of the studyStep 8
Decide IV, the cause and DV, the effectStep 5
Decide Sampling plan Step 6
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Methods of Formulating a Research ProjectConcept
Mapping
Six Steps ProcessFacilitators works with the
initiator(s)
1. Preparation step Decide the participants Identify focus of the project by deciding
treatments Scheduling
2. Generation step Develop a large set of statements that addresses
the focus or outcomes (Use method of brainstorming, brain writing etc.)
Generate 200 statements Statements may be activities of the programs or
outcomes
Problem: Life style Assessment of Employees due to policy change
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Concept Mapping
3. Structuring step
Each participants sorts the statements into piles of similar ones They can make as few or as many piles as they want Each participant name each pile with a short descriptive label. Each participant rate each statement on some likert scale for their
relative importance
4. Representation step
Analysis is done Use either multidimensional scaling or Cluster
analysis
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5. Interpretation step
Facilitators work with the stakeholders group to help them develop their own labels and interpretations of the various maps
6. Utilization step
Involves using the maps to help address the original focus.
Concept Mapping
Program side The maps can be used for operationalizing the programOutcome side The maps can be used for developing measures and expected results
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For other presentation of Prof.J.P.Verma on
Repeated Measures Designs with SPSS Software
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