Research & Reviews A Journal of Embedded System & Applications vol 4 issue 3

(RRJoESA)

September–December 2016

Research & Reviews

Journal of Embedded

System & Applications

ISSN 2395-6712 (Online)

ISSN 2321-8533 (Print)

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STM JOURNALS

1. Automatic Farming using Soil Moisture Sensor and PIC Microcontroller Akshay Saini, Saket Kumar, Gautam Chutani 1

2. Performance and Degradation Analysis of Poly-Crystalline PV Modules Installed in Tropical Conditions P. Greeshma, N. Ramchander 5

3. Wireless Charging of Electric VehiclesS.Priya 11

4. A Review on Minimization of Makespan of Flow Shop Scheduling ProblemAnand N. Barai, Manhar S. Kagthara 16

5. A Review on Project Information System for Improving Efficiency of Project Development CycleSagar S. Mehta, Prasad S. Puranik, Satish B. Sharma 22

6. Design and Development of Metallic Isolators for Wedge Lock Mounted Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)P. Anil Kumar, P. Bangaru Babu 27

ContentsResearch & Reviews: Journal of Embedded System & Applications

RRJoESA (2016) 1-4 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Embedded System & Applications ISSN: 2395-6712(online), ISSN: 2321-8533(print)

Volume 4, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Automatic Farming using Soil Moisture Sensor and PIC

Microcontroller

Akshay Saini, Saket Kumar, Gautam Chutani Department of Computer Science Engineering, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Farrukhnagar,

Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Abstract Water must be properly utilized as it is a very precious resource. Agriculture is one of those

areas which consume a lot of water. Irrigation is a time consuming process and must be done

on a timely basis. Our objective is to develop an auto-irrigation system which measures the

moisture of the soil and automatically turns on or off the water supply system. Once installed

this project requires very less human involvement. The circuit is based on PIC microcontroller

and also a soil moisture sensor. Up to 60 percent of water used in irrigation can be saved

using proper configured soil moisture sensor. The designed system can be used in turf grass

or with small garden plants.

Keywords: Auto-irrigation, moisture sensor, water pump, PIC microcontroller

INTRODUCTION The automatic irrigation system of this system

uses soil moisture sensor to detect the moisture

level and 44 keypad for various crops

control. When the moisture content of the soil

is reduced then the sensor sends detected value

to the microcontroller. Then the water pump is

automatically ON according to the moisture

level. The main aim of this paper is to reduce

the human intervention for farmers and use

solar energy for irrigation purpose. The entire

system controlled by the PIC microcontroller.

The proper methodology is to be enforced for

the irrigation system owing to lack of rain and

insufficiency of water in soil. Agricultural

field continuously desires and depends on the

water level of the soil. Planned irrigation

system ought to be followed to avoid the

matter of decrease in wetness level of soil by

continuous extraction of water from soil. And

improper use of water ends up in wastage of

great quantity of water.

For this purpose, automatic plant irrigation

system is meant victimization wetness device

and alternative energy. The planned system

derives power from daylight through photo-

voltaic cells. Hence, the system cannot rely

upon the electricity. During this planned

model by exploitation daylight energy, power

the irrigation pump. The circuit includes of

soil wetness detector square measure inserted

within the soil to sense whether or not the soil

is wet or dry. A PIC microcontroller is

employed to manage the full system. Once the

wetness level of the soil is low then the

detector detects the soil condition and offers

condition to the relay unit connected to the

switch of the motor. It'll ON in dry condition

and throw the motor once the soil is in wet

condition.

The wetness level of the soil is detected by the

detector inserted into the soil which provides

signal to the microcontroller whether or not

the land wants water or not. The signal from

the detector received through the output of the

comparator and it's preceded with instruction

from the program keep within the

microcontroller.

Once the soil is dry motor ON and in wet

condition motor is OFF. This condition of

motor ON and OFF is displayed on a 162

liquid crystal display. A PV cell solar cell may

be a system converts light-weight energy into

electricity. Solar cell is otherwise called “solar

cells”. This is often utilized in straightforward

and complex application. The only system of



Volume 4, Issue 3

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Performance and Degradation Analysis of Poly-

Crystalline PV Modules Installed in Tropical

Conditions

P. Greeshma*, N. Ramchander Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, B.V. Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur,

Telangana, India

Abstract In this paper, practical field performance of poly-crystalline solar photovoltaic (PV) modules,

which were installed at rooftop of the department of electrical engineering BVRIT, has been

studied and the correlation between efficiency, temperature and degradation rate of modules

as per STC conditions has been presented. The nominal output power of the PV module

considered for the study is 240 Wp and the panel is compressed of 60 cells in a 10×6 matrix

connected in series. After few operation years under tropical environment, the degradation

rate of electrical characteristics such as I-V and P-V curves, open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-

circuit current (Isc), maximum output current (Imax), maximum output voltage (Vmax), maximum

power output (Pmax) and fill factor (FF) are evaluated at standard test conditions (STC).

Through this study, it has been noticed that the efficiency of solar panel is linearly inversely

proportional to temperature and degradation rate in a linear fashion.

Keywords: Open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum output voltage, maximum

power output, fill factor, efficiency, degradation rate

INTRODUCTION Practical field study of performances of three

identical monocrystalline solar modules, single

power of 60 W, with different inclinations

(horizontal, optimally inclined oriented toward

South and vertically oriented toward South) in

real meteorological conditions, in Nis, Serbia

are presented. The efficiency, performance

ratio and fill factors are measured and

compared [1].

Two identical BP-SX320 panels with poly-

crystalline silicon cells with nominal output

power of 20 W, and each of the panels is

comprised of 36 cells in a 49 matrix

connected in series. The efficiency of the solar

panel is inversely proportional to temperature

in a linear fashion and the decrease rate of

efficiency per temperature increase is

determined as 0.0024 (%/°C) [2].

The effects of temperature and radiation

intensity on the parameters of a copper indium

diselenide (CIS) photovoltaic module have

been studied. An outdoor experimental setup is

installed to carry out a series of I-V curve

measurements under different irradiance and

temperature conditions for the module [3].

NREL study suggests that a more reasonable

thumb of rule will be degradation less than

0.5% per year. The quality of module is of

immense importance. It is safe to assume no

degradation for the first three years and then a

maximum of 0.5% per year over the life of

modules [4].

In this paper, the performance of a single

polycrystalline PV module is studied under

outdoor (tropical condition) installation. The

performance parameters include the efficiency

and degradation rate of module. Here, the

study period is considered from April 2013 to

June 2015.

By considering open circuit voltage (Voc),

short circuit current (Isc), solar irradiance and

module temperature, the degradation rate of

polycrystalline module is calculated. The

irradiance is measured using the pyranometer.



Volume 4, Issue 3

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Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles

S. Priya* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jeppiaar Institute of Technology,

Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract The embedded technology plays a vital role in present world of electronics Applications.

Embedded system is a computer system, made from a combination of hardware and software

that is used to perform a specific task. This paper aims to reduce the manpower, less

operating time & more efficient without the use of man power. This paper puts forth the first

step in achieving the desired target. With the advent in technology, the existing systems are

developed to have in built intelligence. Using WPT (Wireless Power Transfer) we can charge

a battery employed in the vehicle up to 12 V, at a distance of 5–10 cm distance between the

transmitter and the receiver. This is a very prospective technology which can soon replace

diesel run vehicles.

Keywords: Electric vehicle, wireless power transfer, microcontroller

*Author for Correspondence E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION The mere development of the Plug-in electric

vehicle brought about a sudden revolution in

the world of transport. Applying electricity

replacing the diesel power can revolutionize

the transport and energy utilisation. Plugged in

vehicles involve manual interruption and so

replacing it by wireless charging can bring

about a great automation in the field of

transport and recharging vehicles [1]. We use

stationary wireless charging employing

primary side power flow controller using PIC

microcontroller for controlling the

communication part. We employ inductive

coupling for implementing the wireless

charging [2].

In the proposed system, we are using PIC

microcontroller which is interfaced with 2-axis

robot and LCD. Here, we use wireless

transmitter which is used to transfer the supply

from one node to another node as shown in

Figure 1. In the vehicle section, the receiver

module will be present. When the

communication should happen between

transmitter and receiver led will be indicating

the battery charging. These transfer distance

may be 5 to 10 cm, because of coil cost may

high. Also Vehicle control through keys. We

can monitor the status on the LCD [3-4]. It is

shown in Figure 2.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. 1: Bus STOP Section.

Fig. 2: Vehicle Section.

Power Supply Unit

The supply of 5V DC is given to the system

which is converted from 230V AC supply.

Firstly, the step down transformer will be used

here for converting the 230V AC into 12V

AC. The microcontroller will support only the

DC supply, so the AC supply will be

converted into DC using the bridge rectifier.

The output of the rectifier will have ripples so

we are using the 2200uf capacitor for filtering

those ripples. The output from the filter is

Power

Supply Wireless

Transmitter

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Embedded System & Applications

Volume 4, Issue 3

ISSN: 2395-6712(online), ISSN: 2321-8533(print)


RRJoESA (2016) 16-21© STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16


Volume 4, Issue 3

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A Review on Minimization of Makespan of Flow Shop

Scheduling Problem

Anand N. Barai*, Manhar S. Kagthara Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science,

Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Abstract When in real world, a large number of jobs and machines are taken into consideration, at that

time the proper scheduling plays a vital role. Most of the industries are facing problems

regarding proper scheduling. In this review paper, there are different techniques suggested

for minimization of makespan for flow shop scheduling problem. Makespan is the total length

of the scheduling when all jobs are done. Dispatching rule is better approach to solve the flow

shop scheduling problem.

Keywords: Scheduling, flow shop scheduling, Gantt chart, makespan

INTRODUCTION Nowadays, most of industries are facing

problems related to scheduling. Scheduling is

a term used in our day to day life; although we

may not always have a good definition of the

term in our mind. A schedule is a tangible plan

or document such as bus schedule, production

schedule, class schedule etc. Schedule shows

us a plan for the timing of certain activities

and answers the question, “If all goes well,

when will a particular event take place?” [1].

Scheduling is a decision-making process that

concerns the allocation of limited resources to

a set of tasks with the view of optimizing one

or more objectives (Figure 1). In today’s world

of global competition, effective scheduling has

become vital in order to meet customer

requirements as promptly as possible while

maximizing the profits. Hence, it plays an

important role in most manufacturing and

production system as well as in most

information processing environments [1]. The

purposes of scheduling are to maximize the

efficiency of the operation, minimize the

production time and reduce the costs. Suppose

that, there are “m” number of machines Mj

(j=1, 2, 3…, m) which have to process n jobs

Ji (i=1, 2, 3…, n). A schedule is for each job

an allocation of one or more time interval to

one or more machines. Schedules may be

represented by Gantt chart as shown in

Figure 2. Gantt charts may be machine

oriented or job oriented.



Volume 4, Issue 3

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A Review on Project Information System for Improving

Efficiency of Project Development Cycle

Sagar S. Mehta1,*, Prasad S. Puranik

1, Satish B. Sharma

2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science, Rajkot,

Gujarat, India 2Sci/Engr SD’, Space Application Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad, Gujarat,

India

Abstract Project information system (PIS) is commonly viewed as a consequential implement for

project management. Project management is characterized as an effort that results from the

utilization of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques applied to set project activities in order

to meet project objectives. Their main purpose is to manage different projects throughout

their life cycle. The system supports, all the application processes for incentive programs as

well as the documentation and procedures required, and avails to manage the project itself

when it is approved. Project information systems (PIS) are software applications that avail

managers to track projects from their conception to their execution. They provide them with

pertinent information and collaborative implements.

Keywords: Project information system, project development life cycle

INTRODUCTION In particular, industries share a common

tendency to issue hard copy documentation for

recording purposes. This makes

communication and coordination even more

complicated and burdensome due to the

necessity of completing whole cycles of

amendments, revisions, confirmations and

acknowledgments (Alshawi and Ingirige,

2003). Attention is therefore shifting towards

the need to manage the flow of activities

throughout the whole life cycle and, in

particular, those that actually add value

(Alshawi and Ingirige, 2003).

In particular, PIS can help practitioners to

detect latent issues before they occur, meet

deadlines, and collaborate more easily and at a

greater extent. A good number of project

managers use PIS, but most of them are yet

unaware of the potential benefits they could

bring in. This is mainly due to a lack of an

understanding of what such software really is

and how it can influence projects from their

conception to their completion (Archibald,

1992). The present work presents an integrated

solution that tries to give answers to most of

the above mentioned issues within inter-

organizational processes or, in other words,

the extended enterprise (Dyer, 2000).

The potential gain in efficiency can lead to

consequential cost savings. In brief, PIS are

proposed to help administrators, managers and

specialists in defining, characterizing and

finishing projects, reverencing deadlines and,

last but not least, collaborating. They also keep

involved people apprised, assuring that they

know what the others are doing at any given

time and allowing appropriate

countermeasures in the case of failures or

delays.

This lets project managers effectively delegate

tasks, monitor progress and assess the overall

risk. Conclusively, they avail managers create

working profiles and work-packages to assign

the right task to the right person by denotes of

an effective resource management.

A salient aspect in this context regards the data

management feature. At present, most firms

use different tools, such as spreadsheets and

paper based data collection, which are

certainly not intended for dealing with the

advancement of complex tasks.



Volume 4, Issue 3

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Design and Development of Metallic Isolators for Wedge

Lock Mounted Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)

P. Anil Kumar1,*, P. Bangaru Babu

2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, SDAT Division, Directorate of ENTEST, Research Centre

Imarat, Defense Research Development Organization, Hyderabad, Telangana, India 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana,

India

Abstract Wedge lock interfaces are preferred for mounting printed circuit boards (PCBs) in electronic

packages of air borne vehicles. Merits of this particular mounting configuration are high

mounting stiffness, high vibration dissipation and low thermal interface resistance. However,

good amount of vibration dissipation occurs only in the close vicinity of wedge locks provided

integral to PCBs; because of which electronic components can be mounted only near the

wedge locks on PCB. This practical constraint doesn’t allow the electronics designer to aim

for high population density of electronic components over PCB. To overcome this limitation, a

metallic isolator is designed, developed and experimentally evaluated in random vibration

environment. Proposed metallic isolator is configured such that it replaces existing wedge

locks one to one without seeking for additional space. Further, this isolator ensures vibration

levels within limits everywhere on PCB. With this isolator, designer can use almost entire

space on PCB effectively for populating electronic components.

Keywords: Electronic packaging, finite element analysis of chassis, chassis boundary

conditions

INTRODUCTION It is proposed to design a metallic isolator for

electronic package consisting of PCBs

mounted in wedge lock configuration which is

experiencing vibration response higher than

qualification limit as shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1: Package with PCB Mounted in Wedge

Lock Configuration.

For better understanding, PCB with

components along with wedge lock are shown

in Figure 2. Wedge lock is preferred for

mounting PCBs because it provides more

damping in vibration.

From the measured vibration levels at different

locations on PCB during test, it is observed

that vibration levels are within the allowable

limits (i.e. <30 gm) only, in the vicinity of

wedge locks on PCB due to the damping

provided by wedge locks (Safe). But away

from wedge locks, vibration levels are

observed to be high on PCB (Unsafe).

Hence, very little space only is permitted for

mounting components on a wedge lock

mounted PCB which is not in favour of the

designer. Ideal choice for the designer would

be utilization of entire space on PCB for

mounting components which seeks for some

modification that result into complete safe

zone on PCB.

(RRJoESA)

September–December 2016

Research & Reviews

Journal of Embedded

System & Applications

ISSN 2395-6712 (Online)

ISSN 2321-8533 (Print)

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

Education

Research & Reviews A Journal of Embedded System & Applications vol 4 issue 3