Revolution & Enlightenment

10.1A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• “Natural Philosophers” – medieval scientists– For knowledge relied on –

ancient authorities • Esp – Aristotle

– Ren Humanists – mastered Greek & Latin

• Access to – Ptolemy’s work• Showed some – thinkers

disagreed w/ Aristotle & other Med. auth.

Ptolemaic System

c. 150 AD

• New Inventions – telescope & microscope

• Printing Press – helped spread new ideas quickly

• Mathematicians believed – secrets of nature were found in math

• Sci Rev aka – Age of Reason

Revolution in Astronomy

• Rev in Astronomy – overturned ideas about universe – Ptolemy greatest – astronomer of antiquity– Ptolemaic system, called – geocentric

• b/c – it places Earth at center of the universe• Universe is – series of concentric spheres one

inside the other• Earth – is fixed (motionless)• At – center• Beyond spheres – was Heaven where God &

saved souls resided

• Nicolas Copernicus felt – geocentric system was too complicated– Believed – heliocentric – Sun – not Earth was at the center of the

universe – Planets – revolved around the Sun– Moon – revolved around the Earth

Problems?

• Johannes Kepler – German mathematician – Arrived at – his law of planetary motion– Confirmed – that the Sun was at the center– Orbits were – elliptical (egg-shaped)

• Sun – towards end of ellipse instead of at the center

• Known as – Kepler’s First Law

• Galileo Galilei – Italian scientist– Used – a telescope– Discovered – mountains on the Moon, Jupiter’s 4 moons,

& sunspots– Appeared planets – made of material substance like Earth– Church ordered – Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea– Copernican system – threatened the Church’s

• Seemed to – contradict the Bible

– By 1630s & 40s – most astronomers had come to accept heliocentric

• Isaac Newton– Defined – 3 laws of motion– Universal law of gravitation – explains why

planets move in elliptical orbits – around the Sun

• States every – object is attracted to other objects by gravity

Fact or Fiction?

10-1 BMedicine & Chemistry

• Medicine & Chemistry- information based on Galen’s work w/ animals anatomy – Andreas Vesalius – discussed findings from

dissecting human bodies – On the

• Fabric of the Human Body– Presented – careful & accurate of individual organs

& body

• Wm Harvey showed – heart (not liver) was the beginning point for circulation of blood – On the Motion of the Heart and Blood– Also proved – same blood flows in both veins and

arteries– Showed – blood makes a complete circuit through

body

Andreas VesaliusOn the Fabric of the Human Body

…he offered detailed instructions (including a list of tools) that a student could use to perform their own dissections and “arrive at an independent conclusion” from either himself or Galenic dogma.http://primatediaries.blogspot

• Robert Boyle- Boyle’s Law - properties of gas

• Antoine Lavoisier – invented a system of naming chemical elements

Women in Science

• Margaret Cavendish – female scientist – Wrote – Observations Upon Experimental

Philosophy– Critical of – belief that humans through

science were the masters of nature– In Ger, women in sci – were astronomers

• Trained by – their fathers or husbands

– Maria Winkelmann – German female astronomer

• Discovered – a coment • Applied for – postions as assistant astronomer at

Berlin Academy but denied b/c female – were suppose to take care of the home

Globular cluster M5

Rene Descartes

• French philosopher• Wrote about – doubt, uncertainty &

confusion of 17th C

– Beyond doubt – his own existence– Emphasized – the importance of his

own mind – 1st principle – “I think, therefore I

am”– Separation of – mind & matter

(mind & body)– Father of – modern rationalism

(reason is the chief source of knowledge)

• Scientific Method – systematic procedure for collecting & analyzing evidence– Crucial to – the evolution (change) of science

in the modern world– Dev by – English philosopher Francis Bacon

• Believed should use – inductive reasoning to learn about nature

• Proceed from – particular to the general