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Dr. Jared Buono, Hydrologist at Gram Pari talks about how Groundwater recharge and Spring Revival can go hand in hand. It can supply clean drinking water and mobilize community at the same time.
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Spring Protection:Safe & Sustainable Drinking Water in the Western Ghats
Dr. Jared BuonoMr Dhananjay AmbraleWorld Water Day, 2014
IIT Mumbai
Outline• Hydrogeology • Social importance • Ecological status • Grassroots restoration efforts
Western Ghats
Focus Area: Satara District
Monsoon, Patchputewadi Village
Dry Season, Patchputewadi
Water is #1 issue:• Degraded watersheds • Over pumping • Natural conditions
Basalt:• Fine grained• Groundwater flow
limited to cracks, vesicles
Deccan traps• 66M year old lava• 500K km2 area• ~2000m thick
Present day Iceland
Generalized Geology
Massive Basalt
Compound Flows
Talus & Soil
Typical Groundwater Flow Paths- At contacts- Occasional fractures
Spring Formation
Spring recharge zone
Discharge zone
Well recharge zone
Springs
SpringFormation
Laterite Cap
Typical Groundwater Flow Paths- At contacts- Occasional fractures- Laterite plateaus
Laterite tableland formations in Satara District
• Up to 1,00,000 liters per day• 50 to 1400m above sea level• Geology: basalt, laterite or talus• Spring type: contact or fracture
General Spring Characteristics
Water quality of springs
• Water quality very good; min & max values
– Temp: 17 – 22 °C (winter)– Ph: 7.3 – 8.3 – TDS: 35 – 160 mg/l– EC: 70 – 320 mmho/cm – Hardness (CaCO3): 30 – 140 mg/l – Na: 2 – 25 mg/l
– K: 0 – 2 mg/l– Ca2: 10 – 36 mg/l– Mg2: 1 – 12 mg/l– HCO3: 31 – 177 mg/l– Cl: 7 – 14 mg/l – Fe2: 0.4 – 0.7 mg/l *****
From Naik et al. 2000
• Only iron shows marginal excess• Pathogens are rare at source (e.g. no fecals)
Laterite
Basalt
Villages Accessing Spring Water
Potential Spring Locations
Socioeconomic value
– Uses: drinking, irrigation, temples, animals– Safe and sustainable source of drinking water• Gravity-fed = no pumping cost• Year round supply • Water quality very high
Cultural value
Credit: Rohit Gowaikar, Wikipedia/Flickr
Historic value
Current State of Springs
Typical spring box • Installed in 1970s as drought
response• Poor design & maintenance =
leaks, contamination• Declining flow due to adjacent
pumping, ecological degradation
The Rush for More
Ecological Degradation
• Anthropogenic fire• Over grazing• Fuel wood collection
Almost all springs under threat
Declining flow due to:• Deforestation• Groundwater
exploitation
• How many springs are there? • How many people
affected?
Karjat Area:Elevation – 50 mFlow – ~7 l/m Use – irrigationStatus – disuse, loss to bore wells
Pune Area:Elevation – 700 mFlow – ~10 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells
Koyna Area:Elev – 800 mFlow – ~30 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – healthy in unpopulated area
Panchgani Area:Elev – 1200 mFlow – ~9 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells
Western Ghats
Western Ghats
Satara District
Maharashtra Location Map
SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGSLegend
District Boundary Taluka Boundary Spring Locations (Subsample) Laterite Tableland Formations
• Our growing map of springs• For every point there are probably
100 more
Detailed survey:• >20 spring systems• 10 dependent villages• >10000 people• All springs threatened
Western Ghats
Modified from Molur et al. 2011
National Importance of the Western Ghats
Western Ghats Watersheds- Cover 9 states- Direct water supply for
120 million people - Indirect, >400 million
*Molur et al. 2011
Modified from Molur et al. 2011
Western Ghats
Laterite tableland formations in Satara District
Source: Wikimedia Commons; Hillebrand, Steve
Prec
ipita
tion
Time
Discharge
Springshed Restoration & Recharge
Standard Spring Box
Nalla-box (sand dam)
With livestock or wildlife guzzler
Empowerment
Spring recharge zone
Discharge zone
Well recharge zone
Springs
Piryachiwadi Village: Recharge & Discharge Zones
April 2013
Godavalli Aquifer Contour
Feb 2014
WellsSpring
*
Longitude (decimal degrees)
Latit
ude
(dec
imal
deg
rees
)
Elevation (m)
WellsSpringFlow Vectors
*
Godavalli Aquifer Feb 2014
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
RECHARGE ZONE
SPRING – DISCHARGE ZONE
Godavalli Village: Recharge & Discharge
ZonesFeb 2014
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Talus & Soils Complex
1315 m
1220 m
1187 m
1125 m
1090 m
Massive Basalt
Vesicular Basalt
Laterite Rocky Plateau
Recharge ZoneFeb 2014
RECHARGE ZONE
Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Management – Reforestation Management – Roof Water Harvest & Limited Pumping Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour
N
Management RecommendationsFeb 2014
Map Credit: wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
• Part of initiative by Arghyam to make springs national priority
•We are partners for Western Ghats
• Expand to more villages• Create a knowledge base in area• Applied research to better understand springs
• Hydrologic importance of laterite plateaus• Quantify land-use effects on spring flow
• Provide spring-specific policy recommendations
Future Activities
THANKS!Now come work with us…
[email protected] | +91 966 537 [email protected] | +91 997 579 9311
grampari.orgfacebook/grampari.org
REFERENCES:
Molur, S., Smith, K.G., Daniel, B.A. and Darwall, W.R.T. (Compilers). 2011. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Western Ghats, India. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, and Coimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation.
Naik, P.K., · A.K. Awasthi, P.C. Mohan. 2002. Springs in a Headwater Basin in the Deccan Trap Country of the Western Ghats, India. Hydrogeology Journal (2002) 10:553–565.
GRAMPARI
MISSION: - Empower rural India
through thoughtful, community-led programs
CORE AREAS:- Livelihoods- Governance- Health &
Environment