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David Peterson and John Dudgeon Department of Anthropology, and Center for Archaeology, Materials and Applied Spectroscopy
(CAMAS)Idaho State University
Archaeometallurgy in the South CaucasusTechnological Artifacts as Historical Documents
Ancient Armenian History
Erebuni
South Caucasus Archaeometallurgy Project
Focus on networks that incorporated metallurgy in social relations
Largest Scale: Interregional
E. N. Chernykh, Ancient Metallurgy in the USSR, 1992
Circumpontic Metallurgical Provinceca. 3500-2000 BC
Caucasus Zone
MetallurgicalFocus
MetallurgicalFocus
MetalworkingFocus
MetalworkingFocus
MetallurgicalFocus
Eurasian Steppe Zone
MetallurgicalFocus
MetalworkingFocus
MetalworkingFocus
MetallurgicalFocus
MetallurgicalFocus
Intermediate Scale: Local
D. Peterson, et al. Early Metal Technology and Related Practices in the Caspian Coastal Plain: Metalwork from the Velikent Cemetery, for Works of the Velikent Archaeological Expedition Volume 1: The Western Caspian Coastal Plain in the Early and Middle Bronze Age: Investigations at Velikent and Its Environs , edited by P. Kohl and R. Magomedov, forthcoming
Early Bronze Age Metalwork from Velikent, Daghestan, ca. 2850 BC
Rings
Bracelets
IntensityFrequency
CopperArsenic bronzeTin bronzeCopper+SilverSilver
Copper and Copper Alloys from Velikent, Daghestan (North Caucasus)
D. Peterson. Production and Social Complexity: Bronze Age Metalworking in the Middle Volga. In Social Complexity in Late Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metal, and Mobility, edited by B. Hanks and K. Linduff, pp. 187-214. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009
Smallest Scale: IndividualCopper and Bronze from Samara, Russia (Volga Region), ca. 2100-1900 BC
Work Pattern 2Annealed + light-moderate cold work(Chisel, Utevka VI, kurgan 6, grave 6; 300x enlarged)
Work Pattern 3Annealed + heavy cold work(Knife, Utevka VI, kurgan 6, grave 6) Annealed+coldwork
Annealed+coldworked+annealed+heavy coldwork
2009-2010
Geoarchaeological research• 200 copper ore samples from 55 areas in 14 deposits for source analysis (chemistry and Pb isotopes)
Artifact sampling• LBA II - EIA I
• 199 (copper, bronze, tin, lead)
Evaluation of archaeological sites for for continuing research
• Drmbon, Navzran, Drjahovit, Hankavan, Fioletovo, Margahovit, Koghb
LA-ICP-MS artifact analysis• Horom cemetery (LBA II - EIA I, 13th-9th
centuries BCE)
Armenia and Karabakh
Phase II: Marmarik Project (2012)
Objectives• Identify metallurgical activities and dating
• ArcGIS modeling of probable network relations surrounding different mining and metallurgical activities (e.g., fuel and ore, processing, smelting, metalworking), consumption, and their relationship to other activities (e.g., pastoralism in mining areas)
• Relationships in networks that incorporated metallurgy
Hankavan Mining District of North-Central Armenia
Bracelets
Horom Necropolis, Shirak Plain, Armenia
..
HoromArtik
Gegharot
Lori Berd
Erebuni
..
• LBA II-EIA I, 13th-9th centuries BCE• 400 hectares• Salvage of 160 burials 1987-89, unpublished• American-Armenia investigations 1990, 1992, 1993
Site Plan: R. Badaljan et al., Archaeological Investigations at Horom in the Shirak Plain in North-West Armenian, 1990. Iran 30: 31-48, 1993 T1 T2
Burial plans: R. Badaljan et al. Preliminary Report on the 1992 Excavations at Horom, Armenia. Iran 31: 1-24, 1993
Sample Preparation and Ablation
Samples• 50, copper-based
• Implements:Banding, wire, a dagger, and 22 arrowheads
• Ornaments: clothing plaques, rings, pins, hammered sheeting, pommels, and pendants
• Set in Buehler Epo-Thin epoxy, ground and polished
Ablation• New Wave UP-213 laser ablation system (on right)
• UHP helium and argon as carrier
Drift correction and matrix suppression• Laser ablation gas introduced with liquid internal
standard (20 ppb Rh, Ru and Ir)
Thermo X-II ICP-QMS
New Wave UP 213 Laser Ablater
Analysis of unknowns
• 5 certified copper and bronze standards:
• B10, B12, 51.13-4, 71.32-4, SRM-494
Calibration• Speakman and Neff(2005),
Neff and Dudgeon (2006)
EDS copper values
Sample Heterogeneity
EDS element maps• Backscatter mode
• 20 kv
• Phasing in tin bronzes
• HFW 800, 1000 and 100 micrometers
• 500 micrometer raster pattern selected (with some variation on smaller samples)
Standardization and Calibration
Experimental Detection Limits
Analyte (Isotope) Detection Limit (ppm)27Al 1.0155Mn 2.2657Fe 12.8959Co 0.1862Ni 1.6165Cu 2878.6167Zn 0.7775As 56.0982Se 0.12109Ag 1.35117Sn 213.45121Sb 2.88139La 0.02197Au 0.02204Pb 9.84209Bi 0.19
Results
Conclusions
• New information on the system of copper-based metallurgy in the South Caucasus in the LBA - EIA
• Hypothesis: In the western zone that included present-day Armenia, artisans tended to reserve primary alloys for implement. Antimony appears to have been an extender of the bronze supply, possibly mixed with recycled materials.
• Promise for the use of (relatively inexpensive and accessible) LA-ICP-MS with EDS for characterizing metal groups and trace elements associated with the ores that were used to discriminate intentional from accidental alloying.
Funding Agencies American Councils for International Education / National Councils for Eurasian and East European
Research US National Endowment for the Humanities Office of Research, Faculty Research Committee and Humanities and Social Sciences Research
Committee, Idaho State University
Research Centers / Institutes Center for Archaeology, Materials and Applied Spectroscopy, Idaho State University Institute for Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Armenia (NAS
RA) Institute of Geological Sciences, NAS RA Institute for the History and Archaeology of the Volga Institute of Archaeology, Daghestan Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Acknowledgments
Thank you!
Students and Colleagues from Idaho State University Field Museum of Natural History Oxford Materials Wellesley College