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What is civilization?
WESTEAST
MIDEASTFAR EAST
WESTERN
CIVILIZATION
WESTERNCIVILIZATION
WEST
Culture: a people’s unique way of life, as shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas
Civilization: a complex cultureCivilizati
onadvanced
cities
specialized
workers
complex
institutions
record keeping
advanced
technology
Institution: a long-lasting pattern of organization in a community including government, religion, and the economy
Cultural diffusion: the process in which a new idea or a product spreads from one culture to another
religious beliefs
information
ways of living
art
ideas
Traders spread
the use of skill and imagination in the creation of beautiful objects
How do we communicate hopes, dreams, and beliefs?
Literature - Epic Poems (Epic of Gilgamesh, Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey, Mahabharata)
Architecture – columns, arches, pyramids, Hanging Gardens, the Parthenon
Fashion - jewelry, cosmetics, ornamentation and dye
Sculpture - Greek art set standards for future generations of artists around the world; Figures were graceful, strong, perfectly formed; values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion.
Drama – theaters, tragedy, comedy
Through Rome, Greek-style drama, architecture, sculpture, and philosophy became the core of Western civilization.
individuals living together as members of a community
Who is in our community?How do we live together?What are the norms and expectations of behavior?
Social classes emerged with varying degrees of wealth, power, and influence.
Kings, landholders, priests, wealthy landowners, government officials, priests, & army commanders Merchants and artisans
Unskilled workers and peasant farmers
Slaves
the science, art, practice, or profession of government
Who should lead the community?How should the community be led?
Theocracy: a type of government in which rule is based on religious authority
Monarchy: a government in which power is in the hands of a single person
Aristocracy: a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
Oligarchy: a government in which power is in the hands of a few people – especially one in which rule is based upon wealth
Democracy: a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives
Theocracy
Monarchy
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
Democracy
state ruled by priests
rule is based on religious authority
power based on fear of the supernatural
state ruled by a king
rule is hereditary
some rulers claim divine right
state ruled by nobility
rule is hereditary and based on social rank and wealth
social status and wealth support rulers’ authority
state ruled by a small group of citizens
rule is based on wealth or ability
ruling group controls military
state ruled by its citizens
rule is based on citizenship
majority rule decides vote
Rule of Law: Code of Hammurabi, Twelve Tables
Dynasty: a series of rulers from a single family
City-state: a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit
Republic: a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by citizens who have the right to vote
Empire: a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler
Bureaucracy: a system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of government
Dictator: in ancient Rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time
Civil war: conflict between groups within the same country
beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, usually involving ritual practices, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs
Where do we come from?How should we live?What lies beyond life?
Polytheism: belief in more than one godMonotheism: belief in one god
the power of thinking and acquiring knowledge
What do we know?What do we believe?What is the nature of the universe?
• Astrology• Astronomy• Base 60• Calendar• Geocentric theory (Earth at center of the solar
system)• Geometry• Libraries• Museums• Philosophy (encouraged people to question
themselves and their moral character and forced them to think about their values and actions)
• Written histories
the creation and use of tools How do we make our
lives easier?How do we improve the quality of our lives?
Writing – cuneiform, hieroglyphics, alphabet
USES OF WRITING
tax collection
calendar
historic records
business records
document grain storage
passage of laws
Bronze PapyrusChariots PlowGlass RoadsIron Working SailMedicine WheelNumbers
the management of the resources of a community
How do we prosper?How do we acquire and allocate resources?
Agricultural economy - plentiful supply of food could support larger populations
Early trade routes were along the Mediterranean and between Africa, Arabia, and India
One could travel from the Mediterranean Sea to South and East Asia either by a land route through Central Asia or by a sea route which crossed the Arabian Sea.
Trade was made easier within empires by use of standardized coins