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This power point presentation describes the event Anatomy for Division B of Science Olympiad.
Citation preview
Kenneth Raff
Event Parameters
Non-programmable calculator One 8.5 x 11 inch sheet of paper
Notes can be in any form You can have notes on both sides of the
paper
The Competition
• Students should know the basic anatomy of the skeletal and muscular systems
• Students should know how aging affects these two systems
• Students should know specific diseases• The test may include various formats– Timed stations– Written tests– Slides
Skeletal System
Students should know the major bones of the axial skeleton
Axial Skeletal
Skeletal System
Students should know the major bones of the appendicular skeleton Femur Tibia Fibula Scapula Humerus Radius
• Appendicular Skeleton
Structure of Bone
• Students should know the structure of a long bone– Diaphysis– Epiphysis– Compact bone– Spongy bone– Yellow marrow– Red marrow– Havercian canals
• Structure of Long Bones
Structure of Bones
Joints
There are five types of joints
Ball and Socket Has the greatest
range of motion Found in the
shoulder and hip girdles
Joints
Hinge joint Allows for forward
and backward motion
Found in the knee and elbow
Joints
Pivot joint Allows for one bone
to rotate around another bone
Found in the elbow and fingers
Joints
Gliding joint Allows bones to
move over bones Found in wrists and
ankles
Joints
Fixed or Immovable joint Allows for little to
no movement Found in the
sutures of the skull and where the ribs attach to the sternum
Diseases of the Skeletal System Bone diseases
Osteomalacia involves softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or problems with the metabolism of this vitamin.
Rickets is an abnormal bone formation in children resulting from inadequate calcium in their bones.
Osteoporosis is a disease of bone in which the amount of bone is decreased and the strength of trabecular bone is reduced, cortical bone becomes thin and bones are susceptible to fracture.
Diseases of the Skeletal System Joint diseases
Arthritis is a generic term for inflammatory joint disease. Regardless of the cause, inflammation of the joints may cause pain, stiffness, swelling, and some redness of the skin about the joint.
Osteoarthrosis is a disorder of the joints characterized by progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage
Rheumatoid Arthritis a chronic, frequently progressive disease in which inflammatory changes occur throughout the connective tissues of the body.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rickets
Types of Vertebrae
Skeletal System
Provides an anchor for muscles Provides the lever system which
allows us to move Provides support Stores excess minerals Protects vital internal organs
Muscular System
Aids in movement Work in opposing pairs Three types of muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Striated or skeletal muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in the heart
Is composed of both striated and smooth muscle
Is involuntary http://www.cellsali
ve.com/myocyte.htm
Smooth Muscle
Lines organs such as the stomach, intestines and esophagus
Is involuntary Has many nuclei No striatations
Striated muscles
One nucleus Has striations Called skeletal
muscle Attached to bones Under voluntary
control Can get tired
Organization of Striated Muscle
Structure of Striated Muscles Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of
cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves.
Each muscle fibers contains an array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Many nuclei
Structure of Striated Muscles Because a muscle fiber is not a
single cell, its parts are often given special names such as Sarcolemma for plasma membrane sarcoplasmic reticulum for endoplasmic
reticulum sarcosomes for mitochondria sarcoplasm for cytoplasm
Structure of a Striated Muscle The striated appearance of the
muscle fiber is created by a pattern of alternating dark A bands and light I bands. The A bands are bisected by the H
zone running through the center of which is the M line.
The I bands are bisected by the Z disk.
Structure of Striated Muscles Each myofibril is made up of arrays
of parallel filaments. The thick filaments have a diameter
of about 15 nm. They are composed of the protein myosin.
The thin filaments have a diameter of about 5 nm. They are composed chiefly of the protein actin
Structure of Striated Muscle The anatomy of a sarcomere
The entire array of thick and thin filaments between the Z disks is called a sarcomere.
The thick filaments produce the dark A band. The thin filaments extend in each direction
from the Z disk. Where they do not overlap the thick
filaments, they create the light I band. The H zone is that portion of the A band
where the thick and thin filaments do not overlap.
The M line runs through the exact center of the sarcomere.
Picture of a Sarcomere
Websites for Muscle Contractions http://www.brookscole.com/chemistr
y_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/muscles/muscles.html
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp47/4702001.html