Semantics Relations among Words

Ratna Nurhidayati1211204101

Hyponymy

A hyponym is a subordinate, specific term

whose referent is included in the referent of a

superordinate term.

Part/Whole Relationships

A second important hierarchical relationship between words is the one found in pairs such as hand and arm or room and house. In each pair, the referent of the first term is part of the referent of the second term.

Synonymy

Two words are said to be synonymous if they mean the same thing. The “vice versa” is important: without it, we would be defining hyponymy.

almost = nearlyanswer = replyassure = guaranteeawful = terrible

Antonymy

The word antonymy derives from the Greek root anti- (‘opposite’) and denotes opposition in meaning.In contrast to synonymy and hyponymy, antonymy is a binary relationship that can characterize a relationship between only two words at a time.

Gradable Antonymy are opposites along a scale in that when someone says ‘I am not high’ it does not necessarily mean ‘I am short’.

Non-gradable antonyms do not present such flexibility: when we say ‘I am married’ the only antonym available in this sentence would be ‘I am single’.

True and false may show a clearer contrast. Clear either/or conditions are expressed by complementary antonyms as, open/closed, dead/alive, on/off.

Converseness

Converseness characterizes a reciprocal semantic relationship between pairs of words.

Polysemy

A word is polysemous (or polysemic) when it has two or more related meanings.

Homonymy

Words are homonymic when they have the same written or spoken form but different senses.Homographs have the same spelling but different meanings (and pronunciations).Homophones have the same pronunciation but different senses.

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