SENSATION

Sensation is the simple experience that arises from the stimulation of the sense organ

Sensation refers to physiological arousal of a sense organ by a stimulus

Sensation is a physical feeling caused by having one or more of the sense organs stimulated

Sensation is the capacity to receive impressions through the sense organs.

Bitter

Sour

Sweet

Salt

Farsightedness, also called hyperopia,common name for a defect in vision inwhich a person sees near objects withblurred vision, while distant objects appearin sharp focus.

Nearsightedness, also called myopia,common name for impaired vision in which aperson sees near objects clearly whiledistant objects appear blurred.

Presbyopia or old-sightedness is a progressive form of farsightedness that affects most people by their early 60s.

Astigmatism, a defect in the outercurvature on the surface of the eye thatcauses distorted vision.

Color Blindness, defect of visionaffecting the ability to distinguish colors,occurring mostly in males. Color blindness iscaused by a defect in the retina or in othernerve portions of the eye.

eye disorders:muscular degeneration,GlaucomaCataractdiabetic retinopathy

each have a characteristic way of distorting a person’s vision.

These photographsshow how the worldappears to a personwith each of thesedisorders.

COMMON OF HEARING DEFECT

Conductive hearing loss, is caused bydiseases or obstruction in the outer ormiddle ear and usually is not severe. Aperson with a conductive hearing lossgenerally can be helped by a hearing aid.

FOUR SEPARATE SKIN SENSES:

Pain

Pressure

Cold

Warmth

EXAMPLE OF SKIN

DISEASES:Chicken Pox

sometimes called varicella, is a common childhood disease caused by a virus. Its characteristic feature is a rash that appears one to three weeks after infection on the face, under the armpits, and on the upper arms and legs.

“Money is like a sixth sensewithout which you cannotmake a complete use of theother five”

Somerset Maugham (1874 - 1965)

British writer

ANESTHESIA absence of physical sensation in part or all of

the body.

refers to a reversible condition that isinduced using anesthetic drugs. These drugs may beinjected, inhaled, or applied directly to the surfaceof the body.

Each year about 40 million patients in theUnited States receive anesthetic drugs for surgery,obstetrics, dentistry, or other medical procedures.

The lack of sensation caused by theseconditions is not easily reversible, and patients’unawareness of pain and other sensations can putthem at risk of serious harm.

Early OperationAmerican

dentist William Morton pioneered the use of ether as an anesthetic in 1846. He used it first to extract a tooth and then, in an operation illustrated here, to remove a tumor from a patient’s neck. The discovery of anesthesia removed one of the major obstacles to the progression of surgery.

CHARACTERISTICS OF

SENSATION

Specificity of Sensory Stimulation-- each sensory organ is stimulated by specificform of external or internal energy

Transduction as a Transmission Process--Transduction– transportation of stimuli to nervous

Thresholds--each sense has a different threshold and every sense’s threshold will differ from situation to situation

Some Approximate Absolute Thresholds(from Hilgard, 1983)

Stimulus Threshold

Light A candle seen at 30 mile on a dark, clear night

Sound The tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feet

Taste One teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water

Smell One drop of a perfume diffused into a 3-room apartment

Touch The wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a distance of 1cm.

Absolute Threshold is the least amount of stimulus necessary to produce a response in a person.

Difference Thresholds are smallest changes in stimuli that a person is able to detect, often refer to as the “jnd” or just noticeable difference.

Interrelatedness of the senses

Perception refers to the interpretation of a stimulus

Perception is the organization of sensory input into meaningful experience

Perception serves the function of converting raw sensory input into useful information

Perception serves as an encoding process

PERCEPTION

VISUAL

PERSPECTIVE

VISUAL PERSPECTIVE

Gestalt Laws of grouping

Proximity

The law of proximity states that the closer objects are to one another, the more likely we are to mentally group them together

Similarity

The law of similarity leads usto link together parts of thevisual field that are similar incolor, lightness, texture, shape,or any other quality.

ContinuityThe law of continuity leads us to

see a line as continuing in aparticular direction, rather thanmaking an abrupt turn. In thedrawing on the left below, we see astraight line with a curved linerunning through it.

Closure

According to the law of closure,we prefer complete forms to incomplete forms

Common fateThe law of common fate

leads us to group together objects that move in the same direction.

SimplicityCentral to the approach of Gestalt

psychologists is the law of prägnanz, or simplicity. This general notion, which encompasses all other Gestalt laws, states that people intuitively prefer the simplest, most stable of possible organizations.

FIGURE AND GROUND

distinguishing objects from its surroundings

The object, or figure, is closer to you, and the background, or ground, is farther away.

PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCYallows us to perceive an object as

roughly the same in spite of changes in the retinal image.

Kinds of perceptual constancies:lightness constancycolor constancyshape constancysize constancy

lightness constancyperception of an object’s

lightness or darkness remains constant despite changes in illumination.

color constancymeans that we perceive

the color of an object as the same despite changes in lighting conditions.

shape constancymeans that you perceive

objects as retaining the same shape despite changes in their orientation

size constancytendency to perceive objects as

staying the same size despite changes in our distance from them

DEPTH PERCEPTIONis the ability to see the world in three

dimensions and to perceive distance. Although this ability may seem simple, depth perception is remarkable when you consider that the images projected on each retina are two-dimensional.

To perceive depth, we depend on two main sources of information:

binocular disparity, a depth cue that requires both eyes

monocular cues, which allow us to perceive depth with just one eye.

binocular disparity, a depthcue that requires both eyes

This difference in the leftand right images is calledbinocular disparity.

monocular cuescues to depth that are effective when

viewed with only one eye.

kinds of monocular cues:Interpositionatmospheric perspectivetexture gradientlinear perspectivesize cuesheight cuesmotion parallax.

the most important monocular cue is interposition, or overlap. When one object overlaps or partly blocks our view of another object, we judge the covered object as being farther away from us.

The air contains microscopic particles of dust andmoisture that make distant objects look hazy or blurry.This effect is called atmospheric perspective oraerial perspective, and we use it to judge distance.

A texture gradient arises whenever we view asurface from a slant, rather than directly fromabove. Most surfaces—such as the ground, a road,or a field of flowers—have a texture.

Linear perspective means that parallel lines,such as the white lines of this road, appear toconverge with greater distance and reach avanishing point at the horizon.

TWO TYPES OF

SIZE CUES:

Relative size

Familiar size

If we assume that two objects are the same size, we perceive the object that casts a smaller retinal image as farther away than the object that casts a larger retinal image. This depth cue is known as relative size

Another depth cue involves thefamiliar size of objects. Throughexperience, we become familiar with thestandard size of certain objects, suchas houses, cars, airplanes, people,animals, books, and chairs. Knowing thesize of these objects helps us judge ourdistance from them and from objectsaround them.

HEIGHT CUES

When judging an object’s distance, we consider itsheight in our visual field relative to other objects. Thecloser an object is to the horizon in our visual field, thefarther away we perceive it to be

motion parallaxThe monocular cues discussed so far—

interposition, atmospheric perspective, texture gradient, linear perspective, size cues, and height cues—are sometimes called pictorial cues, because artists can use them to convey three-dimensional information. Another monocular cue cannot be represented on a canvas.

Motion parallax occurs when objects at different distances from you appear to move at different rates when you are in motion

AUDITORY PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION OF DIRECTION

Time differential

Because the ears are on opposite sides of the head, a soundwave coming form either side of the will reach one ear before itreaches the other. Although only a split second is involved, thistime differential permits the person to judge the direction ofthe sound.

Intensity differential (strength, power, force, or concentration)

When a sound originates on one side of the head, the fullstrength of the sound wave goes into the ear on that side. Theintensity decreases by the time the sound reaches the otherear. Much of the sound wave is detoured by the head itself,which acts as a sound shadow, absorbing some of the sound’sintensity. Because of this decrease in intensity, a person cangenerally judge sound direction within an angle of 20 degree.

ripple rise and fall of volume or in loudness

The wave character of sound includes its ripple. Theear on the same side as the sound source usually picks upone part of the ripple, and the ear on the other side picksup a different part. This gives the listener still anothermeans of identifying the direction of the sound

SET AND PERCEPTION

SET or perceptual set is the readiness to perceive in acertain manner

Can influence the perceptual set:past experiencecontext

Past experience

Past experience is so influential in thedevelopment of personal traits, particularly attitudes,values, interests, and prejudices and thus, it has aninescapable influence on the way we are prepared toperceive the world.

context surrounding condition

Group pressure influences individual judgment.One’s family, friends, and other social groups may playstrong but subtle role in determining the manner inwhich one perceives the world.

Each of us “filters” the world somewhatdifferently, due to personal bases.

The context in which an object appears influences ourperception of it. In Example A of this illustration, you perceive a B oran 8 depending on whether you read the row of letters or the columnof numbers. In Example B, the green circles are the same size butappear to be different sizes because of the context of the surroundingred circles.

TACTUAL PERCEPTIONone theory holds that local sign allow us

to make appropriate responses to the corresponding stimuli.

relating the sense of touch

OLFACTORY & GUSTATORY PERCEPTION

sensitivity to gustatory stimulus varies according to point of application and temperature of the substance

Relating the sense of smell and taste

INACCURATE PERCEPTIONS:

Illusion

Hallucination

Delusion

ILLUSIONS

Illusions of Length

Illusions of Shape

Illusions of size

Illusory Contour

Impossible Figures

Illusory motion

Illusion is an impression from experience which does not correctly represent the objective situation outside the observer

Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missourithe height and width of the arch are the same—each

is 192 m (630 ft.). horizontal-vertical illusion,.

ZOLLNERILLUSION

Parthenon, a masterpiece of ancient Greek architectureAlthough it looks perfectly straight, the structure contains no perfect right

angles. Its architects designed the columns to lean slightly inward, and they constructed thebase and other horizontal elements with a slight upward curvature..

This type of room is known as an Ames room after its inventor, American ophthalmologist Adelbert Ames.

Moon Illusion When the

moon is close to the horizon, it seems larger than when it is

in the sky overhead

people prefer to see a well-organized whole, rather than many individual parts

we perceive the simplest possible interpretations of the figures

Also called as ambiguous figures

They are figures that allow for more than one perceptual interpretation, each of which is accurate

This drawing, from an 1888 German postcard, is an example of a reversible figure—a figure that can be perceived in two different ways.

Hallucinations are perception of somebody orsomething that is not really there, which often symptomof psychiatric disorder or a response to some drugs

from Latin word “alucinatio” means dream and towander mentally

Example: victims believe that they hear accusing orcommanding voices, to which they may react in panic,with abject obedience, or with attempts at self-protection or even suicide

DELUSIONS

refers to false belief organized from both, perception andmemory. (misinterpret)

DIFFERENT DELUSIONS:

A grandiose delusion is a belief that one is extremely famous orthat one has special powers, such as the ability to magically healpeople.

A somatic delusion is a belief that something is wrong with one’sbody—for example, that one’s brain is rotting away—even though nomedical evidence supports this belief

A person with an erotic delusion believes that someone is in lovewith him or her despite a lack of evidence for this belief

In a delusion of jealousy, a person believes that his or her spouse orlover is unfaithful despite evidence to the contrary.

scientific investigation of alleged phenomena andevents that appear to be unaccounted for byconventional physical, biological, or psychologicaltheories

study of unexplained mental phenomena

Parapsychologists study two kinds

of so-called psi phenomena:

1. extrasensory perception (ESP)

2. psychokinesis (PK),

1. EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION(ESP)

perception without the mediation of thesenses. It is also called “sixth sense”

knowledge of external objects orevents without the aid of the senses

ESP includes:Telepathy thought transmission from one mind

to another

Clair voyage an extrasensory awareness ofobjects

Precognition foreknowledge of specific events,there is ability to look way back into past

Psychometry ability to touch an object and feelthe energy of the object, can know the past,present and future of the person owned theobject.

2. PSYCHOKINESIS

mental operations that influences a material body or an energy system

the ability to affect objects at a distance by means other than known physical forces

moving objects with mind: the supposed ability to use mental powers to make objects move or to otherwise affect them

NAME:_____________________________ PSYCHOLOGYDATE:______________I-Encircle the words that correspond to the following description and write your answer on theblank.

__________________1.Refers to the interpretation of a stimulus. NOTIREPPCE__________________2.Is an impression from experience which does not correctly represent theobjective situation outside the observer. LOISLIUN__________________3.Is the simple experience that arises from the stimulation of the senseorgan. ASSETONIN__________________4.Another term for old-sightedness. AYBRESPOI__________________5.It is also called “sixth sense”. YROSNESARTXE

II- Enumeration:•Give 2 of the Gestalt Laws of grouping in visual perception:1.2.•Give 2 types of perception:3.4.•Give one of the common visual defects:5.

R G T R E L Z K I S L E E

H T U I O S P L D H J X G

A P E R C E P T I O N T U

N R J H K N L K L F H R I

P E L J T S A V L H D A T

T S K C Z A W F U F R S P

I B S P H T A B S M L E R

Z Y R L E I P J I H P N I

E O W A L O I K O O Q S K

K P I F Y N L M N P G O G

B I P R G C Y N Q S Y R H

S A O C K O E Y H K Z Y U

A J P I A A F L U E W T U