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Transduc4on
• Transforming signals into neural impulses.
• Informa4on goes from the senses to the thalamus , then to the various areas in the brain.
Remember Ethan in Sky High. He changes his body to slime. Solid form to liquid form. Change from one form of energy to another. Click the picture to watch power placement.
Sensory Adapta4on
• Decreased responsiveness to s4muli due to constant s4mula4on.
Do you feel your underwear all day?
Cocktail-‐party phenomenon
• The cocktail party effect describes the ability to focus one's listening aIen4on on a single talker among a mixture of conversa4ons and background noises, ignoring other conversa4ons.
• Form of selec4ve aIen4on.
Theories of color vision: Explain our ability to dis4nguish between colors
Trichroma4c theory • Young-‐Helmholtz: three types of receptors (cones) all others varia4ons
Opponent-‐process theory • Hering: three types of bipolar receptors
• Supported by nega4ve aSerimages
Thought to work together: • Thricoma4c: Cones
• Opponent-‐Process: Thalamus
Vision
Trichroma4c Theory
Three types of cones: • Red • Blue • Green • These three types of cones can make millions of combina4ons of colors.
• Does not explain aSerimages or color blindness well.
Opponent-‐Process theory
The sensory receptors come in pairs.
• Red/Green • Yellow/Blue • Black/White • If one color is s4mulated, the other is inhibited.
• Dermatomes • Pain: Intensified by depression and anxiety, reduced by distrac4on, relaxa4on, hypnosis
Cutaneous Senses
• Gate control theory: sensa4ons are mediated by neural gates in the spinal cord that lalow them to con4nue to brain
• Management of chronic pain is best done on a 4me-‐con4ngent schedule
Pain
• Ac4ve and Passive strategies
• Ac4ve strategies associated with lower levels of pain and improvement in psychological and physical func4oning
Pain Coping Strategies
We hear sound WAVES
• The height of the wave gives us the amplitude of the sound.
• The frequency of the wave gives us the pitch if the sound.
Transduc4on in the ear • Sound waves hit the eardrum then
anvil then hammer then s<rrup then oval window.
• Everything is just vibra4ng. • Then the cochlea vibrates. • The cochlea is lined with mucus
called basilar membrane. • In basilar membrane there are hair
cells. • When hair cells vibrate they turn
vibra4ons into neural impulses which are called organ of Cor<.
• Sent then to thalamus up auditory nerve.
It is all about the vibra4ons!!!
Place Theory
• Different hairs vibrate in the cochlea when they different pitches.
• So some hairs vibrate when they hear high and other vibrate when they hear low pitches.
Deafness Conduc<on Deafness
• Something goes wrong with the sound and the vibra4on on the way to the cochlea.
• You can replace the bones or get a hearing aid to help.
Nerve (sensorineural) Deafness • The hair cells in the cochlea get
damaged. • Loud noises can cause this type of
deafness. • NO WAY to replace the hairs. • Cochlea implant is possible.
Taste
• We have bumps on our tongue called papillae.
• Taste buds are located on the papillae (they are actually all over the mouth).
• Sweet, salty, sour and biIer.
Ves4bular Sense
• Tells us where our body is oriented in space.
• Our sense of balance. • Located in our semicircular canals in our ears.
Kinesthe4c Sense
• Tells us where our body parts are.
• Receptors located in our muscles and joints.
Without the kinesthetic sense you could touch the button to make copies of your buttocks.