Quest for an appropriate bamboo species in tropical

homegardens - Can Dendrocalamus stocksii

(Munro) fit the bill?

S. Viswanath, A. Rane1, Sowmya, C. and M.S.Rao Tree Improvement and Genetics Division, Institute of Wood

Science and Technology, Bangalore, India1 College of Forestry, Dr.B.S.Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli,

IndiaEmail: sviswanath@icfre.org

• Dendrocalamus stocksii – Knowing the species• Distribution in Peninsular India• D.stocksii – Domestication in Konkan belt• D.stocksii - Utility and Value addition• D.stocksii – Integration in Homegardens• Problems and prospects• Conclusion

Outline of Talk

Why not bamboo?

• Cheap• Renewable • Fast growing• Short rotation• Wide adaptation• Grows in poor soil and low

rainfall• Multifarious uses• C sequestration potential

• Rehabilitation of degraded land

• High social, economic & environmental values

• Create local employment opportunities

• Substitute of traditional timber wood in many ways

• Requires less energy for processing

Number NumberCountry of Genera of Species

Global 75 1250Asia 65 900China 26 300Malaysia 10 44India 23 145Thailand 12 41Vietnam 16 92Indonesia - 65Nepal 11 53Bangladesh 8 20Srilanka 1 7

Source: INBAR, 2005

Bio-resource of bamboo (selected countries)

• Bamboo covers 11.3 m.ha of forest area in India

• Main concentration in NE (28%) of total bamboo area

• Madhya Pradesh (20%) and Chattisgarh (12%)

• Highest productivity recorded in Assam (5 MT/ha/yr)

• India with China & Myanmar – 75% of World’s bamboo resources

• Only 13.5 m. MT (17%) harvested annually

Distribution and productivity in India

• Dendrocalamus strictus

• Bambusa bambos• Melocanna baccifera• B.balcooa• B.tulda• B.nutans• D.stocksii• Ochlandra

travancorica

Source: Lobovikov et al., 2005; Rai & Chauhan, 1998

Sl. No. Species Sl. No. Species

1 Bambusa bambos 10 D. hamiltonii

2 B. nutans 11 D. stocksii

3 B. pallida 12 D. strictus

4 B. polymorpha 13 D. asper

5 B. tulda 14 Guadua angustifolia

6 B. vulgaris 15 Meloconna baccifera

7 B. balcooa 16 Ochlandra travancorica

8 Dendrocalamus brandisii 17 Schizostachym dullooa

9 D. giganteus 18 Phyllostachys bambusoides

Economically important bamboo species in India (NMBA)

In Peninsular India in Central Western Ghats

Native Species• D.strictus• Bambusa bambos• Ochlandra travancorica• O.scriptoria• D.stocksii• D.brandisii• D.giganteus• B.vulgaris• B.wamin• B.multiplex

Introduced Species• T.oliveri• G.angustifolia• D.asper• B.balcooa• B.tulda• B.nutans• B.textilis• B.polymorpha• B.membraneas• D.hamiltonii• B.pallida

Common homegarden spp. in India

Spp. of North-east India• Bambusa cachrensis• Bambusa vulgaris• Bambusa balcooa• Teinostachyum dullooa• Melocanna baccifera• Bambusa nutans

Spp. of Peninsular India • Bambusa bambos (Kerala)• Ochlandra travancorica

(Kerala)• Dendrocalamus brandisii

(Karnataka)• Dendrocalamus stocksii

(Konkan belt)

Why these bamboo spp. do not fit the bill

Bambusa bambos

Dendrocalamus strictus Ochlandra travancorica

Extremely manageable thornless species with great economic and

ecological importance

Naturally distributed in Central Western Ghats from Kasargod

(Kerala) to Ratnagiri (Maharashtra)

Most preferred by farmers in Southern India

Dendrocalamus stocksii

• Endemic to Western Ghats and traditionally utilized by bamboo dependent communities.

• Commercial plantations (block and mixed) of this species are present and each 20 feet culm is sold for Rs. 50/- to 200/-.

• Used in agricultural tools, farm structures, handicrafts, construction, furniture etc.

• Early maturity, non-predominant node and easy working has made it the most popular industrial species.

Why Dendrocalamus stocksii ?

Distribution of D. stocksii in Central Western Ghats

D.stocksii in agroforestry practices in Peninsular India

In homestead On farm boundaries

Block plantationsLive fence

D.stocksii - Intercropping

Intercropping with sweet potato

Intercropping with finger millet

Survey and Distribution of D. Stocksii genotypes Central Western Ghats

Variation in morphological parameters of Dendrocalamus stocksii genotypes evaluated from Central Western Ghats:

S. No. Parameter Maximum Minimum Mean

1 Clump diameter (m) 6.75 0.23 2.592 Clump height (m) 15.00 5.0 9.77

3 Total number of standing culms per clump 139 10 54.60

4 Number of stumps per clump 150 00 24.85

5 Number of Current year culms per clump 38 3 15.93

6 Culm basal diameter (mm) 70.06 9.00 44.857 Culm 5th internode diameter (mm) 57.32 6.75 37.388 Culm 5th internode length (cm) 52.00 9.00 44.85

9 Culm wall thickness to culm diameter ratio 1.00 0.10 0.33

10 Culm height (m) 16.2 0.23 7.75

11 Commercial culm height (m) 13.0 2.90 7.7512 Height of Solidness (m) 12.5 0.10 3.34

12 populations of Dendrocalamus stocksii identified along the Central Western Ghats(M. C. J. Bottini et al. 2000;Carlos Navarro &Gustavo Hernández, 2004)

Population Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Altitude (m.asl) No. of clumps sampled

Dapoli 17.444338 73.110834 130.47 8Patan 17.175870 73.492500 536.70 3Ratnagiri 16.461830 73.245540 139.69 8Sindhudurg 16.013478 73.521820 114.43 17Kolhapur 15.510400 74.090800 762.61 9North Goa 15.381850 74.023920 90.84 10South Goa 15.230990 74.030200 80.17 4Belgaum 15.443740 74.304050 738.86 8Karwar 14.485160 74.272150 556.76 6Sirsi 14.195870 74.512580 582.24 12Udupi 13.154830 74.533230 88.92 7Kasargod 12.295700 75.002620 113.97 10

Populations of D. stocksii identified in Central Western Ghats

Culm production capacity of genotypes in different populations of Dendrocalamus stocksii

DapoliPatan

Ratnagiri

Sindhudurg

Kolhapur

North Goa

South Goa

Belgaum

Karwar

Sirsi

Udupi

Kasargod

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Number of standing culms per clump current year culms per clumpNumber of harvested culms per clump Total number of culms per clump

12 Populations

Nu

mb

er o

f cu

lms

clu

mp

-1No of culms

emerging annually varied from 11 to 19

across populations

Population Clump diameter

(m)

Commercial culm height

(m)

Basal diameter of culms

(cm)

5th internode diameter of culms (cm)

5th internode length of the culms (cm)

Culm wall thickness to

diameter ratio

Height of culm

solidness (m)

Dapoli 2.58 8.61abc 4.55bcd 3.75bdcef 29.67fg 0.31abcde 0.85d

Patan 2.93 7.61bc 4.21def 3.42ef 35.10bc 0.57a 4.57abc

Ratnagiri 2.28 9.77abc 4.79ab 3.93abc 31.95def 0.32bcde 1.90bcd

Sindhudurg 2.40 8.78ab 4.63abc 3.88abcd 32.33cdef 0.33cde 5.14ab

Kolhapur 3.20 6.67c 4.43bcd 3.64cdef 28.20g 0.37cde 2.93bcd

North Goa 3.01 8.27bc 4.47bcd 3.88abcde 34.08bcd 0.29abc 1.63bcd

South Goa 2.94 8.67abc 4.47bcd 3.68bcdef 31.13ef 0.31abcde 2.25bcd

Belgaum 2.16 6.58c 4.33bcd 3.49ef 36.09bcde 0.48ab 7.01a

Karwar 2.23 9.58ab 4.90a 4.01ab 40.36a 0.27de 1.03cd

Sirsi 2.72 8.48abc 4.94a 4.07abcd 40.32a 0.35abcd 2.91bcd

Udupi 2.09 8.07abc 4.89a 4.41a 31.84edf 0.28abcd 0.23d

Kasargod 2.59 8.25abc 4.56bcd 3.85edf 33.71bced 0.27ab 1.14cd

SE ± 0.772 0.16 0.12 0.93 0.01 1.12CD 5% N. S. 1.943 0.314 0.29 2.32 0.02 2.90

Trait means not followed by the same superscript are significantly different at p=0.05

Morphological parameters of D.stocksii genotypes

Variation in clump and culm characteristics in D.stocksii populations

Culm Character GV PV EV GCV PCV ECV Heritability (%)

Genetic Advance

Basal diameter 51.53 81.17 29.64 16.08 20.18 12.20 63.48 11.78

5th internode diameter 35.91 63.17 27.26 16.11 21.36 14.04 56.84 9.30

5th internode length 36.03 55.98 19.95 19.95 22.47 13.42 64.36 9.91

GV: Genetic variance; PV: Phenotypic variance; EV: Error of Variance; GCV: Genetic coefficient of Variance; PCV: Phenotypic coefficient of Variance; ECV: Error coefficient of Variance

Genetic estimates of culm characters of D. stocksii genotypes evaluated along the Central Western Ghats

Utility and Value addition in Konkan belt

> 40 mm dia

< 30 mm dia

> 50 mm dia

Different size classes have

different utility value

Multiple uses and Value addition in Konkan belt

Traditionally: harvest every year from the 4th year onwards Value addition: substitute to cane in furniture

• Juvenile shoots – edible• Around 10-15 new shoots produced per clump every year• >50% of extractable edible portion

Utility Value as edible shoots

D.stocksii

A B C D E F A B C D E F

A: B.balcooa; B: D.asper; C: D.stocksii; D: B.bambos; E: G.angustifolia; F: D.strictus

• Nutritional composition on par with other edible spp.

Utility Value as edible shoots

Name of Species Moisture % Proteing/100g of fresh wt

Carbohydratesg/100g of fresh wt

Fatg/100g of fresh wt

Crude fibre g/100g of fresh wt

Ash%

Bambusa bambos 90.8±0.00 3.80±0.03 3.95±0.05 0.14±0.003 0.83±0.003 0.93±0.11

Bambusa balcooa 89.4±0.51 3.76±0.02 2.39±0.03 0.05±0.002 0.81±0.010 1.1±0.11

Guadua angustifolia

90.8±0.20 3.16±0.04 2.17±0.34 0.35±0.058 0.76±0.010 1.1±0.42

Dendrocalamus strictus

91.8±0.20 3.17±0.04 5.53±0.05 0.23±0.003 0.78±0.015 0.9±0.23

Dendrocalamus asper

91.8±1.04 2.71±0.04 5.17±0.05 0.10±0.003 0.71±0.014 0.47±0.23

Dendrocalamus stocksii

93.1±2.61 2.87±0.35 5.87±0.02 0.01±0.002 0.76±0.011 1.27±0.30

Utility and Value addition in Konkan belt – Case study of Ovaliye village, Sindhudurg Dist., Maharashtra

• Entire village (160 households) engaged in D.stocksii cultivation• 200 truck loads marketed annually

D.stocksii – Preservative treatment for enhancing durability in value added products

• Vacuum pressure treatment (1.5kgcm-2) using CCB preservative for one hour

Intricate linkage of D.stocksii with farm, household, industry and local markets in Central Western Ghats

• D. stocksii – a truly multi-purpose spp. • Consistent market demand • High adaptability in semi-arid, sub-humid and humid

tropical conditions - Greater chances of popularization

• Multilocational trials in different agroclimatic zones • Improvement work can focus on selecting genotypes

having value addition potential • D.stocksii undoubtedly has an important socio-

cultural and economic role on par with recognized commercial horticulture crops like coconut or mango

Has the Quest for an appropriate bamboo spp. ended with D.stocksii ?

• Karnataka Forest Department for funding the project

• Dean, College of Forestry, DBSKKV, Dapoli• Director, IWST

Acknowledgement

Thank you for your kind attention…