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Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, Putra Agung, Suyanto and Ujjwal Pradhan
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Migrants, land markets & agroforestry: turning the tide with
village forest development in Jambi, Indonesia
Presented at World Congress on Agroforestry 2014, 10-14 February in Delhi, India
Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, Putra Agung, Suyanto and Ujjwal Pradhan
Jambi Overview:1. Located in Sumatera, Indonesia2. 50% of population is migrants (Javanese, Bugis
and Banjar) esp. in the coastal area3. Many private investment (oil palm and pulp and
paper plantation)4. High biodiversity remaining in Kerinci Seblat
National Park, Bukit Dua Belas National Park and Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park
Underlying cause of forest and agroforestry conversion….
….. national and regional political economy to promote oil palm and monoculture pulp and paper plantation …. state sponsored and spontaneous migration looking for land and livelihood opportunities…. migrants act as intermediaries in shaping the land tenure system and shift the balance of power between local communities, the state, and business concessions.…. possible of ‘conflicts’ between forest agency, private concessions, migrants and local communities has resulted to forest clearing and severe deforestation
What strategic actions are needed?
Global national local market demand- Pulp and
paper- Oil palm
Large scale investment ---------------Farmers---------------Forest & land authorities
Existing local agroforest & farming system
Expansion of oil palm, forest plantations, land modifications
CO2 emissions, biodiversity loss, hydro’ reduced function
Tenurial conflict & land market
Land use policies affecting tenure rights
Conditional land tenure through village forest & community forest
1
2
What are the instruments to support communities & land managers to manage landscapes sustainable?
What opportunities role for State sponsored community-based
forest management (CBFM) to promote sustainable
agroforestry?
Community Based Forest Management
Schemes
Governing Institution Type of Right Held Duration of Rights
Community Forestry(Hutan Kemasyarakatan)
Forest Farmer Groups, but after 5 years, must create Farmer Economic Enterprise (Koperasi)
Group utilization and harvesting rights. A quota for these rights is imposed each year. Planted timbers for 50
m3 Non timber products for
20 tonnes
35 years and more. Each 5 years are being evaluated.
People Plantation Forest (Hutan Tanaman Rakyat)
Individual or Farmer Economic Enterprise (Koperasi)
Private or group uttilization and harvesting rights. No certain quota is imposed.
60 years and can be extended for another 35 years.
Village Forestry (Hutan Desa)
Village Institution (Lembaga Desa), based on village regulatioan
Management right. A quota for these rights is imposed each year. Planted timbers for 50
m3 Non timber products for
20 tonnes
35 years and more. Each 5 years are being evaluated.
Customary Forest(Hutan Adat)
Customary Insitution (Lembaga Adat)
Undetermined Undetermined
What opportunities role for state sponsored CBFM?
1. Promote clear and stable land tenure security that allows local communities managing forest
…. many local communities and migrants do not have tenure security on managing forest
However….
…. conflict of interest between migrants & local communities (individual rights vs communal rights)
…. fear of elite capture, esp. communal rights (village forest)
What opportunities role for state-sponsored CBFM?
2. Promote sustainable livelihood for local communities through sustainable agroforestry system
…. obligation to plant agroforestry system in CBFM concession area…. traditional agroforestry system has been practiced by local
communities such as rubber & cinnamon agroforest
3. Promote and maintain biodiversity and environmental services functions
…. monitoring mechanism has been regulated through MoF Decree
However….
…. it will need to be translated to forest management plan (business plan), long bureaucratic process with many interests
Conclusion ….. threat to agroforestry is caused not only by land conversion through land use planning & government permits, but also by the relational rights between local people & migrants…. CBFM can be the solution but it needs a dispute resolution mechanism to facilitate the difference of stakeholders on ‘land rights’ and business plan
Thank You