SMART DOOR

A Major Project Report submitted to

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal

Towards partial fulfilment for

The degree of

Bachelor of Engineering

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Mrs. Rashmi singh

Submitted by:

Name of Student: - Mahesh Patil (0863EC121011)

Shivnaresh Likhar (0863EC121028)

Session: 2015-16

Department of Electrical EngineeringPRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH

Prestige Vihar, Scheme No. 74-C, Sector-D, Vijay Nagar, Indore - 452010 (M. P.)[Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, DTE Govt. of M.P. & Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal]

PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT & RESEARCHSch. No. 74C, Prestige Vihar, Vijay Nagar, Indore- 452010

RECOMMENDATION

This Project Report entitled “Smart Door” Submitted as Major Project by Mr. Mahesh Patil &

Mr. Shivnaresh Likhar in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engineering of the Prestige Institute of

Engineering Management & Research, Indore during the academic year 2015-16.

The work contained in the report is a satisfactory account of his project work and is

recommended for the major project.

Prof. Mrs. Rashmi singh Prof. Sadhana TiwariAsst. Professor Prof. & HeadEC Department EC DepartmentP.I.E.M.R., Indore P.I.E.M.R., Indore

Dr. Suresh Jain Director P.I.E.M.R., Indore

PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT & RESEARCHSch. No. 74C, Prestige Vihar, Vijay Nagar, Indore- 452010

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Mahesh Patil & Mr. Shivnaresh Likhar Student’s of Final year,

of Electronics & Communication Engineering in academic year 2015-16 have completed

their project work on “Smart Door” and have submitted their Major Project report as partial

fulfilment of the requirement of Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal for

award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: 18/05/2016 Date: 23/05/2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

After the completion of major project work, words are not enough to express our feelings

about all those who helped us to reach our goal; feeling above this is our indebtedness to the

almighty for providing us this moment in life.

First and foremost, we take this opportunity to express our deep regards and heartfelt

gratitude to our project guide Prof. Mrs. Rashmi singh, Designation, Department of

Electronics & Communication Engineering ,PIEMR, Indore for her inspiring guidance and

timely suggestions in carrying out our project successfully. She has also being a constant source

of inspiration for us. Working under her guidance has been an opportunity for us to learn more

and more.

We are extremely thankful to Prof. Sadhana Tiwari, Prof. & Head, Electronics and

Communication Engineering Department, PIEMR, Indore for her co-operation and

motivation during the project.

We extend our deepest gratitude to Dr. Suresh Jain, Director, PIEMR Indore for

providing all the necessary facilities and true encouraging environment to bring out the best of

our endeavours.

We would also like to thank all the teachers of our department for providing invaluable

support and motivation.

We are also grateful to our friends and colleagues for their help and cooperation throughout

this work.

Last but not the least; we thank our family for their support, patience, blessings and

understanding while completing our project.

Mahesh Patil (0863EC121011)Shivnaresh Likhar (0863EC121028)

ABSTACT

This major report is all about the embedded systems and its application in various fields of real

world with the help of arduino software. As a result of enhanced civilization and modernization,

the human nature demands more comfort to his life. The man seeks ways to do things easily and

which saves time. So thus, the automatic gates are one of the examples that human nature invent

to bring comfort and ease in its daily life. Automatic entrance/exit door control is widely used in

public places such as shopping malls, transportation stations, airports, and theatres stores to

eliminate the need of manually opening and closing actions. Smart door system provides advance

automation for owners. The smart door project is an innovative access control system, based on

human detection. The proposed system can first identify a person with the help of PIR sensor and

if any change in temperature detected then control unit (8mega 328 microcontroller) sends a

control action to relay driver unit to finally activate the door accordingly.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Introduction 1-2 1.1 Problem Statement 2

1.1.1 Existing System 2

1.1.2 Limitations 2

1.2 Proposed System 2

2 Literature Survey 3-8

2.1 Technologies 4-6

2.1.1 Embedded System 4-6

2.2 Tools 7-8

2.2.1 Multimeter 7

2.2.2 Drilling Machine 7

2.2.3 Soldering Iron 7-8

2.2.4 Screwdriver 8

2.2.5 Pliers 8

3 Analysis 9-35

3.1Detailed Statement of Problem 10

3.2 Hardware Requirements

11-26

3.2.1 ATmega328 microcontroller 11-13

3.2.2 PIR sensor 14-16

3.2.3 Relay driver IC (ULN 2003A) 17-18

3.2.4 Crystal Oscillator 19-20

3.2.5 Voltage regulator IC (7805 IC) 21-22

3.2.6 SPDT Relay 23

3.2.7 Bridge Rectifier 24-25

3.2.8 Liquid Crystal Display 26

3.3 Software Requirements 27-30

3.3.1 EAGLE 27-28

3.3.2 Arduino 29-30

3.4 Block Diagram 31

3.5 Schematic Diagram 32

3.6 Flow Chart 33

3.7 Working 34

3.8 Project Image 35

4 Conclusion 36-38 4.1 Future Extensions 37

4.2 Limitations 38

5 References 39

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. CAPTION OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

1 ATmega328 Microcontroller

2 PIR sensor

3 Relay driver IC (ULN 2003A)

4 Crystal Oscillator

5 Voltage regulator IC (7805 IC)

6 SPDT Relay

7 Bridge Rectifier

8 Liquid Crystal Display

9 EAGLE

10 Arduino

11 Block Diagram

12 Schematic Diagram

13 Flow chart

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Statement

Opening and closing of doors is always a tedious job, especially in places like shopping malls,

airports, hotels, hospitals and theatres where a person is always required to open the door for

visitors.

For people in wheelchairs (disabled persons), it is very difficult to open the door.

In warehouses and other facilities where people frequently have their hands full, contributing to

safety and efficiency by making it easier for people to get around.

1.1.1 Existing System

To open and close the door, the traditional way is to manually open and close the door.

1.1.2 Limitations

In traditional way, the manually opening and closing door take human effort.

It is time consuming and tedious job.

1.2 Proposed System

Smart door system provides advance automation for owners. You must have seen automatic door

openers in shopping malls, theatres and commercial buildings. These systems are used to open

the door when a person comes near to the entrance of the door and close it after entered into the

door.

This project proposes a system of automatic opening and closing of door by sensing any body

movement near the door. This is achieved with the help of a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor.

CHAPTER 2LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Technologies

2.1.1 Embedded System

As a technology, embedded system is very useful, because in today era all the projects

are now embedded. An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within

a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It

is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.

In other words embedded system is defined as “A way of working, organizing or performing one

or many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or plan.”

In our project too, embedded system are used as the technology. The hardware part of system

consist an ATmega328 microcontroller & with suitable Arduino software part. Smart door

system is an appropriate use of embedded technology.

Other examples of embedded system are as follows:

Time display system – A watch

Automatic cloth washing system – A washing machine

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose

computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met,

for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements,

allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs with integrated

memory or peripheral interfaces) and dedicated to specific tasks,

Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to

large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems

like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a

single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals..

Embedded systems are widespread in consumer, industrial, commercial and navigation services.

Telecommunication systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for

the network to mobile phones at the end- user. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and

network bridges to route data.

Key components of embedded system

Processors:

It is the central processing unit known as the heart of embedded system.

It is the hardware that executes the software.

Control the activities of all the other circuits.

Memory: It is used to store the software.

It also provides storage for data such as program variables, intermediate results and any other

data generated throughout the operation.

Characteristics of embedded system:

User interface

Embedded systems range from no user interface at all, in systems dedicated only to one task, to

complex graphical user interfaces that resemble modern computer desktop operating systems.

Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs, graphic or character LCDs with a simple menu

system.

Reliability

Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for years

without errors and in some cases recover by them if an error occurs. Therefore, the software is

usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable

mechanical moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.

Peripherals

Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as:

Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI)

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

2.2 Tools Depending on the task at hand, we have used a variety of tools that may be needed. Being able to do the job properly, that may depend on having the correct tools or equipment.The tools used in our project for successful completions are-

2.2.1 Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm meter or volt-ohm-

milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement

functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance.

A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding. They can be used to

troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such

as electronic equipment, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems. Most

multimeters are designed to be used in both AC and DC circuits.

2.2.2 PCB Drilling Machine

A PCB drilling machine is used to cut a hole of circular cross-section on a PCB with the help of

drill bit. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the PCB

and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute.  This forces the

cutting edge against the PCB.

2.2.3 Soldering Iron

A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can flow

into the joint between two workpieces.

A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is often

achieved electrically, by passing an electric current through a resistive heating element. In our

project it is used for connecting components to printed circuit boards.

2.2.4 Screwdriver

A screwdriver is a tool, for turning (driving or removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver

has a handle and a shaft, and a tip that the user inserts into the screw head to turn it. The shaft is

usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist wear,

treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw or ridged or

treated for additional 'grip'. Handle are typically wood, metal, or plastic and usually hexagonal,

square, or oval in cross-section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down.

2.2.5 Pliers

Pliers are a hand tool used to hold object. They are also useful for bending and compressing a

wide range of materials. Generally, pliers consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at

a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the levers, creating short jaws on one side of the

fulcrum, and longer handles on the other side. This arrangement creates a mechanical advantage,

allowing the force of the hand's grip to be amplified and focused on an object with precision. The

jaws can also be used to manipulate objects too small or unwieldy to be manipulated with

the fingers.

CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS

3.1 Detailed Statement of Problem

We have seen automatic door openers in shopping malls, theatres, airports, warehouses, hospitals

and commercial buildings.

In this type of places or other many other places opening and closing of doors is always a tedious

job. Where a person is always required to open and close the door.

For people in wheelchairs and other disabled individuals, since conventional doors can be very

hard to work with. It may be impossible to open a conventional door while seated in a

wheelchair.

3.2 Hardware Requirements3.2.1 ATMEGA328 Microcontroller

The ATmega328 is a single chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family and

it is an 8 bit microcontroller.

The AVR architecture was conceived by two students at the Norwegian Institute of

Technology (NTH) Alf-Egil Bogen] and Vegard Wollan.

AVR stands for Alf (Egil bogen) and Vegard (wollan)’s RISC processor.

AT mega 328 is dual inline package (DIP).

Features

28-pin AVR Microcontroller

Flash Program Memory: 32 Kbytes

EEPROM Data Memory: 1 Kbytes

SRAM Data Memory: 2 Kbytes

I/O Pins: 23

Timers: Two 8-bit / One 16-bit

A/D Converter: 10-bit Six Channel

USART: Yes

Advanced RISC Architecture –

31 Powerful Instructions

Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz

Peripheral Features –

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters

One 16-bit Timer/Counter Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

Operating Voltage: – 1.8 - 5.5V

Temperature Range: – 40°C to 85°C

Applications

ATmega328 is widely used in various projects where a simple low powered, low cost

microcontroller is needed and it provides much functionality on a single chip.

The most common implementation of this chip is on the popular Arduino development platform,

namely the Arduino Uno and Arduino Nano models.

3.2.2 Passive Infrared Sensor

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light

radiating from objects in its field of view and it always detects change in temperature.

All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation.

Usually this radiation is invisible to the human eye.

The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or radiate any

energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting the energy given off by other

objects. PIR sensors don't detect or measure "heat"; instead they detect the infrared radiation

emitted or reflected from an object.

Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the 'sensor face'. At the core of

a PIR sensor is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made from pyroelectric materials—materials

which generate energy when exposed to heat. Typically, the sensors are approximately 1/4 inch

square (40 mm2), and take the form of a thin film.

Materials commonly used in PIR sensors include gallium nitride (GaN), caesium

nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, and cobalt phthalocyanine.

Operating temperature: 0 to 50 °C

Sensitivity range: up to 15-20 feet

A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other objects.

They are commonly used in burglar alarms and automatically-activated lighting systems. They

are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive infrared detector".

Operation An individual PIR sensor detects changes in the amount of infrared radiation impinging upon it,

which varies depending on the temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in front of

the sensor. When an object, such as a human, passes in front of the background, such as a wall,

the temperature at that point in the sensor's field of view will rise from room temperature to body

temperature, and then back again. The sensor converts the resulting change in the incoming

infrared radiation into a change in the output voltage, and this triggers the detection.

PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The most common models

have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments, an effective range of about ten meters (thirty

feet), and a field of view less than 180 degrees. Models with wider fields of view, including 360

degrees, are available—typically designed to mount on a ceiling. Some larger PIRs are made

with single segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared energy over one hundred feet

away from the PIR. There are also PIRs designed with reversible orientation mirrors which allow

either broad coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain" coverage or with individually

selectable segments to "shape" the coverage.

Product design The PIR sensor is typically mounted on a printed circuit board containing the necessary

electronics required to interpret the signals from the sensor itself. The complete assembly is

usually contained within housing, mounted in a location where the sensor can cover area to be

monitored.

The housing will usually have a plastic "window" through which the infrared energy can enter.

Infrared energy is able to reach the sensor through the window because the plastic used

is transparent to infrared radiation. The plastic window reduces the chance of foreign objects

(dust, insects, etc.) from obscuring the sensor's field of view.

Different mechanisms can be used to focus the distant infrared energy onto the sensor surface.

The plastic window covering may have multiple facets molded into it, to focus the infrared

energy onto the sensor. Each individual facet is a Fresnel lens.

Some PIRs are manufactured with internal, segmented parabolic mirrors to focus the infrared

energy. Where mirrors are used, the plastic window cover generally has no Fresnel lenses

molded into it.

3.2.3 Relay driver IC (ULN 2003A)

A Relay driver IC is an electro-magnetic switch that will be used whenever we want to use a low

voltage circuit to switch a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains supply.

The ULN2003A is an array of seven NPN Darlington transistors capable of 500mA, 50V output.

It features common-cathode flyback diodes for switching inductive loads. It can come

in PDIP, SOIC, SOP or TSSOP packaging

The relay driver uln2003 IC is a high voltage and current darlington array IC, it comprises of 7-

open collector darlington pairs with common emitters. A pair of darlington is an arrangement of

two bipolar transistors. This IC belongs to the family of ULN200x ICs and various types of this

family interface to various logic families. This ULN2003 IC is for 5V TTL and CMOS logic

devices. These ICs are used as relay drivers as well as to drive a wide range of loads, line drivers,

display drivers etc. This IC is also normally used while driving Stepper Motors. The pairs of

darlington in ULN2003 is esteemed at 500mA and can withstand peak current of 600mA.In the

pin layout, the i/ps & o/ps are provided reverse to each other. Each driver also has a suppression

diode to dissipate voltage spikes while driving inductive loads

ULN2003 is used where the current rating and voltage rating of a motor or any load which is to

handled by microcontroller is more than the current handling and voltage handling capacity of

that microcontroller. 

A pin of ULN2003 can handle 600 mA current. It can withstand voltage upto 50 volt. A pin of

any microcontroller can handle current upto 200 mA and controller voltage is around 5 volt. 

So we use uln2003 in parallel to any microcontroller to drive heavy load devices. Uln2003

accepts TTL from MCU which may be 5v or 0v and depending on this value ULN2003 turns on

the heavy load or turn it off respectively. 

The ULN2003 is known for its high-current, high-voltage capacity. The drivers can be paralleled

for even higher current output. Even further, stacking one chip on top of another, both

electrically and physically, has been done. Generally it can also be used for interfacing with

a stepper motor, where the motor requires high ratings which cannot be provided by other

interfacing devices.

Feature

Main specifications:

500 mA rated collector current (single output)

50 V output (there is a version that supports 100 V output)

Includes output flyback diodes

Inputs compatible with TTL and 5-V CMOS logic

ApplicationTypical usage of the ULN2003A is in driver circuits for relays, lamp and LED displays, stepper

motors, logic buffers and line drivers

3.2.4 Crystal Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise

frequency.

The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits

incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators.

Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency determining element is a quartz

crystal. Because of the inherent characteristics of the quartz crystal the crystal oscillator may

be held to extreme accuracy of frequency stability. Temperature compensation may be applied

to crystal oscillators to improve thermal stability of the crystal oscillator.

Crystal oscillators are usually, fixed frequency oscillators where stability and accuracy are the

primary considerations. For example it is almost impossible to design a stable and accurate LC

oscillator for the upper HF and higher frequencies without resorting to some sort of crystal

control. Hence the reason for crystal oscillators.

Typical crystal oscillator frequencies range between 1.8 and 70 MHz.

Crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly

ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.

Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal, with

appropriate transducers, since all objects have natural resonant frequencies of vibration. For

example, steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often used in mechanical

filters before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape, elasticity, and the speed of

sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically cut in the shape of a simple,

rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically cut

in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-

cost ceramic resonator is often used in place of a quartz crystal.

When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted, it can be made to distort in an electric

field by applying a voltage to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property is known

as electrostriction or inverse piezoelectricity. When the field is removed, the quartz generates an

electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that

a quartz crystal behaves like an RLC circuit, composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor,

with a precise resonant frequency.

Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that

the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics depend

on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative to its crystallographic

axes). Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which depends on its size, does not change

much. This means that a quartz clock, filter or oscillator remains accurate. For critical

applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called

a crystal oven, and can also be mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external

mechanical vibrations.

3.2.5 Voltage regulator IC (7805 IC)

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. The 78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...)

is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is

commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use

and low cost. For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the

output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5-volt output). The 78xx line is positive voltage

regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.

IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V regulated

power supply. It comes with provision to add heatsink.

The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a constant steady

voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V.

The LM7805 is a monolithic three 3-pin IC.

Pin 1 (Input Pin): The Input pin is the pin that accepts the incoming DC voltage, which the

voltage regulator will eventually regulate down to 5 volts. 

Pin 2 (Ground): Ground pin establishes the ground for the regulator. 

Pin 3 (Output Pin): The Output pin is the regulated 5 volts DC.

Advantages

78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated source

of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of space. Other

voltage regulators may require additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist

in the regulation process. Some other designs (such as a switched-mode power supply) may

need substantial engineering expertise to implement.

78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much current. They

have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most

applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 78xx devices can provide

protection not only for the 78xx itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.

Disadvantages

The input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage by some minimum amount

(typically 2.5 volts). This can make these devices unsuitable for powering some devices from

certain types of power sources (for example, powering a circuit that requires 5 volts using 6-volt

batteries will not work using a 7805).

3.2.6 SPDT Relay

SPDT stand for Single Pole Double Throw. The SPDT relay is quite useful in certain

applications because of its internal configuration.

In this relay common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a

relay has five terminals in total.

It has one common terminal and 2 contacts in 2 different configurations: one can be Normally

Closed and the other one is opened or it can be Normally Open and the other one closed. So

basically you can see the SPDT relay as a way of switching between 2 circuits: when there is no

voltage applied to the coil one circuit “receives” current, the other one doesn’t and when the coil

gets energised the opposite is happening.

The coil voltage on this relay is rated at 12VDC, and the load current is rated up to 10A.

Features:

12VDC SPDT Relay

Rated up to 10A

Fully Seale

3.2.7 Bridge Rectifier

A rectifier diode lets electrical current flow in only one direction and is mainly used for power

supply operation. Rectifier diodes can handle higher current flow than regular diodes and are

generally used in order to change alternating current into direct current.

A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration. It is

used for converting an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output. A bridge

rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, therefore resulting in lower

weight and cost when compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a

centre-tapped secondary winding.

Applications for Bridge Rectifiers:

The primary application of bridge rectifiers is to transform an AC supply into DC power. All

electronic devices require direct current, so bridge rectifiers are used inside the power supplies of

almost all electronic equipment. Bridge rectifiers are also used for detecting the amplitude of

modulated radio signals. The signal may be amplified before it is detected. If it is not, then a very

low voltage drop diode or a diode biased with a fixed voltage must be used. Rectifiers are also

used to supply polarized voltage for welding applications. Control of the output current is

required in such circuits, and this may be achieved by replacing some of the diodes in a bridge

rectifier with thyristors, which are diodes whose voltage output can be regulated by switching on

and off with phase fired controllers.

3.2.8 Liquid Crystal Display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual display that uses

the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or

fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset

words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology,

except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays

have larger elements.

3.3 Software Requirements

3.3.1 Eagle

EAGLE stands for, Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor in English.  It is designed and

developed by CadSoft Computer GmbH and is a flexible, expandable and scriptable, electronic

design automation (EDA) application with schematic capture editor, printed circuit board (PCB)

layout editor tools.

EAGLE 7.5.0 released on 17 November 2015.

EAGLE was developed in 1988 as a 16-bit application for Microsoft DOS, with support

for OS/2 and Windows added later on. Starting with version 4.0, EAGLE was converted to 32-bit.

EAGLE version 4.0 also dropped support for DOS and OS/2, but was among the first professional

electronic CAD tools available for Linux. A 32-bit DPMI version of EAGLE 4.0 running under

DOS was available on special request in order to help support existing customers, but was not

released commercially.

Starting with version 4.13, EAGLE became available for Mac OS X, with versions before 5.0.0

still requiring X11. Version 5.0.0 officially dropped support for Windows 9x and Windows

NT 3.x/4.x. EAGLE 6.0.0 no longer supports Mac OS X on the Power PC platform (only on Intel

Macs), and the minimum requirements have been changed to Mac OS X 10.6, Linux 2.6 and

Windows XP.

EAGLE contains a schematic editor, for designing circuit diagrams. Parts can be placed on many

sheets and connected together through ports. The PCB layout editor allows back annotation to the

schematic and auto-routing to automatically connect traces based on the connections defined in

the schematic.

EAGLE saves Gerber and PostScript layout files and Excellon and Sieb & Meyer drill files.

These

standard files are accepted by many PCB fabrication companies.

3.3.2 Arduino 1.6.5

Arduino is a software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures

computer open-source hardware, open-source software, and microcontroller-based kits for

building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices.

The Arduino's initial core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe,

Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.

The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, where some of the founders of the project used to

meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of

Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which is

a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. It originated from the

IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It is designed to introduce programming to artists

and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with

features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and provides

simple one-click mechanism to compile and load programs to an Arduino board. A program

written with the IDE for Arduino is called a "sketch".

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules to organize code. The

Arduino IDE supplies a software library called Wiring from the Wiring project, which provides

many common input and output procedures.

After compiling and linking with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution, the

Arduino IDE employs the programavrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in

hexadecimal coding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's

firmware.

3.4 Block Diagram

8MEGA328MICRO -

CONTROLLER

PIR SENSOR

LM 7805 IC

POWER SUPPLY

Bulb

DOOR

LCD

3.5 Schematic Diagram

3.6 Flow Chart

START

8MEGA328MICROCONTROLLER

PIR SENSOR

Bulb

I/P LOW

I/P HIGH

DOORLCD

3.7 Working

A live body generally emits infrared energy and when a body approaches within the operating

range of the PIR sensor. PIR sensor the change in temperature to equivalent voltage and this

signal is called sensing signal.

This sensing signal is fed to 8mega328 microcontroller by PIR sensor and 8mega328

microcontroller sends a logical command to motor driver IC for appropriate action.

The door automatically closes with a fixed time delay. If there is no further movement within the PIR operating range.

3.8 Project Image

CHAPTER 4 Conclusion

4.1 Future Extensions

For an improved, effective system to be implemented and achieved, the following suggestion

should be considered for further work.

A better sensor is recommended to achieve better performance, enhance accuracy and achieve

new functionality. For instance, a suitable sensor such as microwave sensor, ultrasonic sensor and

radar sensor that could detects goods in any vehicle.

To achieve full automation, a real time system should be employed and a closed circuit television

(CCTV) system provided for proper monitoring and security purposes.

The system can be later enhanced by integrating counter mechanism or arrangement for keeping a

record of entry and exit of people at particular place.

This system can be used as a security purpose. In the sense that to identify thief entered in house.

4.2 Limitations

The reliability of a motion sensor may also be affected by rapid environmental changes and

direct sunlight. Also, things like a fireplace, and direct wind from an air conditioner or heater.

This is because a PIR sensor actually detects changes in infrared energy - specifically, the "heat

energy" emitted by normal human skin temperature.

PIR sensor is going to have trouble if you’re welkin out to the pool on a hot day, or back in from

a snowball fight in a heavy winter coat.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor

http://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/automatic-door-opener-project-using

Arduino http://www.slideshare.net/indira_kundu/report-on-automatic-door

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x11fgbb_movement-sensed-automatic-door-opening-

system-engineering-projects_tech

http://www.datasheetarchive.com/ULN2003%20features-datasheet.html

http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/pmcl/de/Downloads/Lecture04.pdf

http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Atmega328-pinout.php

https://www.parallax.com/sites/default/files/downloads/555-28027-PIR-Sensor-Product-

Guide-v2.3.pdf

http://www.slideshare.net/indira_kundu/report-on-automatic-door

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-connecting-a-crystal-oscillator-to-your-

microcontroller-Why-cant-I-use-the-internal-oscillator-itself

http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/crystal-oscillators.htm

http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/7805-voltage-regulator-ic

http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/What-is-a-LM7805-voltage-regulator

http://www.electroschematics.com/9598/spdt-relay-switch/

http://www.futureelectronics.com/en/diodes/bridge-rectifiers.aspx

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/rectbr.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAGLE_(program)