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This talk was a lecture on Social cognition and music at the International Summer School of Systematic, Comparative and Cognitive Musicology, on August 2009, in Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Social Cognition & MusicTommi Himberg - ISSSCCM 2009
"The endeavor to live in a shared, peaceful agreement with others is an extension of the endeavor to preserve oneself.
- B. Spinoza (Damasio 2003)
“Human beings, and only human beings, are biologically adapted for participating in collaborative activities involving shared goals and socially coordinated action plans.”
- M. Tomasello et al. 2005
Outline
music <=> social <=> cognition
features & mechanismsdevelopment and learningempathy and emotionsattention and shared intentionsentrainment
research applications
What is music for?
This video in YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9SNrL8RHEA
Motivation and definition
music as social activity - unique tool to investigate interpersonal interaction
sociality essential aspect of music-making
human evolution - we are a hypersocial species
emotion control, bonding, communication
isn’t all cognition social/individual?cognitive processes and mechanisms that facilitate social interaction
Development & learning
earliest interaction and communication (infant-directed speech) has many musical features (Trehub, Trainor, Trevarthen...)
lullabies - musical universalemotion regulation
language learning “gated” by social interaction? (Kuhl 2008)
segmentation, attention to important aspects of the information influx
social learning = culture?
Perception & attentionpriority of processing social information - faces, names
embodiment and mirror neuron systems
directing attention is a social process - gaze following
attention entrained to the rhythms of the environmentdynamic attention - Large & Jones 1999
dividing attention between monitoring own performance, that of partners and the emergent pattern (Keller 1999, Sawyer 2005, Benzon 2002)
Shared intentionality
Shared intentionality
intention reading (theory of mind)
cultural learning
motivation for sharing psychological states
shared representations - abstracting a beat together, metrical hierarchy etc.
Entrainment
a process by which two independent but coupled oscillators converge in period and phase
not unique to humans - inanimate objects “can” do it
unique ability for auditory-motor synchronisation to external referent
extreme from of prediction/expectation?
we know how we synchronise (see Repp 2005), the interesting question is what it “means” to us
Entrainment as bonding
many theories of adaptive role of music in evolution focus on its capabilities to facilitate social interaction and group bonding
larger groups have better chances of survivalindividual needs certain skills to be able to be a part of the group
these skills are genetically transmitted and selected for in evolution
emotional reward for being “together”
increased affiliation after successful synchronisation (Hove 2008)
Entrainment - expectations?Meyer (1956): music sets up expectations - they are met, delayed or denied -> emotional response
musical structures and reading minds -> predictability
entrainment -> extreme prediction!
but, it’s the errors that count! And, how they are corrected...
collaborative error correction (Vorberg 2005, Repp & Keller 2008)
is it an “error” or a piece of socially relevant information?
Errare humanum est
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Entrainment & communication
conversation - unintentional entrainment (Richardson et al. 2007, Shockley et al. 2003)
sign of agreement, conclusion (Gill 2008)
successful therapeutic intervention for dyslexia (Overy 2003)
musical communication
Summaryhumans are a “hypersocial” species
social emotion-regulation (aggression attenuation etc.)
communication, social learning, culture
motivation to share psychological states
music relies on many cognitive systems that underlie this “sociality”, including some that are species-specific --> when the hypersocial species gets on a super-social mode, it does music
interpersonal entrainment is an example of a neural - cognitive - emotional - social process necessary for music and other forms of communication.
Research implications
definition of a “cognitive system” - study “cognition in the wild” (Hutchins 1995)
focus on interaction - mutual influence, emergence...
comparative perspectives - the whole range of functions that music has, the whole range of systems and processes that subserve it
Thank you!
http://www.twitter.com/tijh
http://www.facebook.com/himberg
http://mindsync.wordpress.com