Presentation: Socio-linguisticsTopic: Code-Switching

&Code-Borrowing

Presented to: Sir MoazzamPresented by:

Memoona Ejaz_007Jaweria Akram_033Noreen Karim_003Ayesha Siddiqa_030Tayyaba Riaz_017Rabeya Javaid_005

Is a term in Sociolinguistics referring to the use of more than one language or variety in conversation.It is syntactically and phonolically appropriate use of languageSome commentators say that it is the lack of language ability and some others say,it is a normle and natural product of interaction between bilingual speaker’s language.

CODE-SWITCHING

TYPES OF CODE-SWITCHING

Intersentential CS:Switching from one language to another for whole sentences at a timeWhere were you yesterday?Main ne boht intezar kia but you did not come.Intrasentential CS:Switching languages in the middle of the a sentenceIt is used to emphasize the particular word,idiomWo baby boht sweet hai.

Situational CS:The switching of languages according to situationsIn different domains people speak different languagesEnglish with teachers(more formal),urdu with friends and another language at homeMetaphorical CS:Switching of a language based on speakers intimacy and solidarityGrandparents talk about Punjabi literature always in native language(Urdu,Punjabi)

WHO CODE-SWITCHES

It is referred to bilingual conversationalists who are engaged in code-switching almost everyday.With different kinds of people they have different level of interaction and that is why they switch from one register to anotherWith boss they might use English language,another language with friends and different language at home

SOCIAL MOTIVATION FOR CODE-SWITCHING

It concentrates on the immediate discourse factors such as lexical need,the topic and setting of discussion and to create the single or group identity and solidarity.

CODE-SWITCHING WITH FORMALITY

Children who learn multiple languages simultaneously,also learn their appropriate use That is why a child whose mother is Spanish speaks Spanish mother and English with British fatherThe native speakers of language do the same thing with different levels of formalityCorrect tone on the paper-better gradeInformle grammar in paper-bad impression

BEHAVIORISTS & MENTALISTS

Mentalist Chomsky says that the rules of grammar are innate calling them universal grammar and a child exposure to a particular language is the use of that knowledgeBehaviourists oppose this theory saying that language is learnt by reinforcement and imitation.

FUNCTIONS OF CODE-SWITCHING

1. To communicate more effectively2. To emphasize a point 3. To help mood of the speaker4. Habitual experience5. Semantic significance 6. To attract the attention of

reader/listener7. To show linguistic skills8. To facilitate the language9. To show ethnicity10. Floor holding

COMMUNICATION

To ease communication, i.e., Utilizing the shortest and the easiest routeTo communicate more effectivelyTo establish goodwill and supportOne wishes to create a certain communication effectOne wishes to exclude another person from the dialogue

TO EMPHASISE A POINT

Switching is also used to emphasize a point. Gal (1979) reports an example from English/German code switching and stressed that switching from English to German is a means of adding more force to the statement. David (2003) uses the courtroom environment to show switching from dominant Bahasa Malaysia to English is to emphasize an important point to the judge

MOOD OF THE SPEAKER

Malik (1994) claims that usually when bilinguals are tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension. when the speaker is in the right state of mind, he/she can find the appropriate word or expression in the base language. From (x,y) languages, language Y may be more available at the point of time when the speaker has a disturbed mind.

HABITUAL EXPERIENCE

Malik.(1994) stresses the fact that code switching often occurs in fixed phrases of greeting and parting, commands and request, invitation, expressions of gratitude and discourse markers such as Oyes (listen), you know or pero (but), whereas Hoffman (1971) reports that in Puerto Rican homes, the mother gives short commands to their children in English, such as Don’t do that…. and the rest of the mother’s warning will be in Spanish.

SEMANTIC SIGNIFICANCE

Malik (1994), Gumperz (1970, 1976, 1982), and Gumperz and Hernandez (1972) all stresses that switching at a particular moment conveys semantically significant information. It is a communicative resource that builds on participant’s perception of two languages. Lexical choice conveys meaning during codeswitching. Gal (1979) reinforced this view by stating that listeners interpret codeswitching as an indicator of the speaker’s attitude, or communicative intents and emotions as code switching is a tool for conveying appropriate linguistic and social information.

TO ATTRACT ATTENTION

Malik (1994) shows that in advertisements (in both, written as well as in spoken) in India, codeswitching is used to attract the attention of the readers/listeners. In English newspaper when the readers come across non-English, either Hindi or any one of the other Indian languages, the reader’s attention is automatically drawn to depend on the language background he/she originates from. A similar situation prevails in advertisements that involve audio and video output.

EMPHASIS

To capture attention, i.e., Stylistic, emphatic, emotionalTo emphasize a pointOne wants to make a pointTo emphasize a pointTo attract attention

A word from one language that has been

adapted for use in another.

CODE-BORROWING

DEFINITION

ETYMOLOGY

Greek word “etymon”– the true sense of a wordRefers to its origin and historical development.Its earliest known use.Etymology – studies word histories.

EXAMPLE…..

According to “The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language”, the definition of the word disaster is "an occurrence causing widespread destruction and distress”Etymology–great misfortunes on the influence of the starsIn the late 16th century Shakespeare– “King Lear”Old Italian word “disastro” means “unfavorable to one’s stars”

ASTROLOGICAL SENSE OF “DISASTER”

Latin root word– “astrum”Modern– “astronomy” – starWith negative Latin prefix dis— (“apart”) added to astrum– (“star”)This word in Latin, Old Italian, and Middle French conveyed same idea “evil influence of a star or planet or catastrophe”So, today’s definition is obsolete.

CODE BORROWING

The adoption of a word from one language into the lexicon to the other .

( C.F Claque ) Borrowing is the process of acquiring loan words.

(Encyclopedia of Language and learning)

Code borrowing is the process whereby one language absorbs words and expression , and possibly sounds and grammatical forms , from another Language and adopts them to its own use .

Mayer Scotton Use Social approach Shau ne Paplack Use structural approach

APPROACHES TO DISTINGUISH B/W CODE SWITCHING AND CODE BORROWING

According to Mayer Scotton frequency use of words should be criteria to judge where it is Borrowed or Switched .

Paplack has proposed morpho –syntactic and phonological integration of foreign words into the recipient language .

She has proposed three criteria

Phonological : sound system Morphological : morphological

systemSyntactical : sentence structure

CODE-BORROWING IN URDU LANGUAGE

Mixed language– old name “Rekhta”– means “mixed one”Took its shape in the region of Punjab and Delhi during the Ghaznawī and the early Sultanate periodFirst mingling of the Hindu-Muslim cultures occurred causing a productive intermixture of Persian, Turkish and Arabic languagesIt attained a literary status in the South before it was employed by the writers in the NorthBecame popular during the post-Aurengzeb period in the beginning of the 18thC

Center shifted from Delhi to Lucknow and other places till the establishment of the Fort William College at Calcutta.In the course of centuries, Urdu borrowed thousands of words and phrases from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Hindi and also from European languages.According to Farhang-e-āsafiyah, there are about 73% words of Indian origin in Urdu, 26% words are of Arabic, Persian and Turkish origin, and approximately 1% words from European languages

EXAMPLES……

shādi-biyāh – ‘marriage’

dhan-daulat – ‘wealth’ dangā-fasād –

‘disturbance’ bāl-bache – ‘children’ hansi-mazāq – ‘joke’,

‘wit’

eelchi – ‘an ambassador’,

atāliq – ‘a private tutor’, ‘an instructor’

Chāq – ‘active’, ‘alert’ The suffix /ci/ is common in

Turkish words Toopci – ‘gunner’ Bāwarci – ‘cook’

Words with Hindi and Persian or Arabic origin

Words borrowed in Urdu from Turkish

CONT…..

/gulāb/ – ‘rose’ /seb/ – ‘apple’ bādām/ – ‘almond’ /takyāh/ – ‘pillow’ /cādar/ – ‘sheet /kāGhaz/ – ‘paper /siyāhi/ – ‘ink’ /diwār/ – ‘a wall’ /sipāhī/ – ‘soldier’ /shādi/ – wedding’ /chahlum/ – the fortieth day of

mourning’ /mazdūr/ – ‘a labourer’

/mizāj/ – ‘temper’, ‘disposition’, ‘health’

/mazār/ – ‘shrine’ /mahal/ – ‘palace’ /qalām/ – ‘pen’ /mubligh/ – ‘sum’, ‘quantity’ /bāqi/ – ‘balance’, ‘arrears’ /kursi/ – ‘chair’ /qīmāh – ‘minced meat’ /lihāf/ – ‘quilt’ /qamis/ – ‘shirt’

PERSIAN WORDS ARABIC WORDS

Examples of borrowed words in English language are:

“thug” is a borrowed word in American English from Hindi language.

“bouquet” is borrowed in English from French language.

“tsunami” is another word used in English language for a massive tidal wave as a result of earthquake is originally from Japanese language.

FEW EXAMPLES:_

Human culture is open for diffusion and than borrowing. According to Sapir (1921:205), “we know that myths, religious ides, types of social organizations, industrial devices and other features of culture may spread from point to point making themselves at home in culture to which they were at one time alien”.

So, any aspect of human culture can diffuse from community to community.

DIFFUSION:_

Human language as a cultural trait open for diffusion. When two languages are in contact they diffuse first and than borrowed one another’s characteristics.

Linguistic diffusion is geographically determined.

Diffusion at phonic level: People naturally tend to accommodate pronunciation with those with whom they interact.

Diffusion at lexical level: Names in a contact language for a new tool or animal or idea may get borrowed from one language to an other after diffusion.

DIFFUSION AT DIFFERENT LEVELS:_

Diffusion at grammatical level: Sapir was of the opinion that grammatical forms are highly resistant to diffuse and to borrow.

Sometimes a borrowed from a recipient language comes back to original donor language, this process is called reborrowing.

REBORROWING:_