QUEZON IN CORREGIDOR

• Manuel L. Quezon is the President of the Commonwealth.• He is a very sick man and the sufferings of the people increased his worries which contributed to his physical breakdown.

• Thousands were affected by the bombings and bullets so General MacArthur planned to retreat to Bataan Peninsula to save his army and to hold back the Japanese.

• Quezon was ordered to save his army and take their military units to Bataan was carried out masterfully.

December 24, 1941• MacArthur finally informed Quezon that they

will leave for Corregidor.• Quezon called the last meeting of his Cabinet

and informed them about the decision to hole up in Corregidor.

Jose Abad Santos Sergio Osmeña Basilio Valdes Colonel Manuel Nieto They were chosen to accompany Quezon to

Corregidor.

Jose Abad Santos Sergio Osmeña

Colonel Manuel NietoBasilio Valdez

• As Quezon and his party were supposed to leave, Japanese bombers were still hitting the Port Area in Manila.

• The S.S. Mayon took Quezon’s party to Corregidor.

December 30, 1941• Quezon took his oath as the President of the

Commonwealth.

S.S. Mayon

THE FALL OF BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR

• MacArthur’s retreat to Bataan was a brilliant maneuver.

• General Masaharu Homma, Japanese commander-in-chief, failed in his attempt to encircle the USSAFE.

• MacArthur succeeded in keeping his army intact and well coordinated.

• The Japanese Imperial Command subjugate the Philippines as their strategy to immediately conquest the other parts of Asia.

• The heroic defense of the Filipino-American troops in Bataan irritated the Japanese. As a result, the Japanese returned to attack but the Bataan line held heroically.

• The Japanese asked the Filipino soldiers to surrender but they ignored the Japanese propaganda.

• Demoralization was the effect to Bataan and it leads the USSAFE to disintegrate under the pressure of continued enemy attacks.

Mid-March 1942• Supply of foods become light which leads to

malnutrition.• Diarrhea, malaria, and avitaminosis(lack of

vitamins) are the other problems at that time.

• The United States and Great Britain agreed on the “Europe-First Policy”.

• At that time, the men suffering from the rigors of war began too lose hope because of the poor supply of medicines.

March 11, 1942• President Roosevelt left for Australia and

become the commander of USSAFE.February 18, 1942• President Quezon had earlier left for Australia

and picked up by the submarine Swordfish.

Submarine Swordfish

April 9, 1942• General Edward P. King, commander of the

forces on Bataan, surrendered.• 78,000 of General King’s forces were included

in the surrender negotiation while around 2,000 escaped to Corregidor and to the surrounding provinces.

• King’s surrender was an individual and not the surrender of the entire USSAFE force that ended the Battle of Bataan which resounded throughout the world.

• Those Filipino-American troops who surrender were forced to march from Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. And those who could not march because of physical weakness were shot down. The forced march has been called Death March.

• In Capaz, the prisoners were huddled together like animals, hungry and sick.

• Corregidor was subjected to intense fire that cause the enemy bombings to be continuous day and night.

May 6, 1942• General Wainwright addressed a message to

General Homma, through the “Voice of Freedom”, offering to surrender.

• General Wainwright said that only the men under him will surrender but Homma insisted on the surrender of all.

• The fall of the Philippines was now complete.

REORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT

January 3, 1942• A day after Manila became an occupied city,

General Masaharu Homma, Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces, announced the end of American occupation.

• During the first month of Japanese occupation, the status of the provinces remained the same as during the Commonwealth years.

January 23, 1942• Homma declared Jorge B. Vargas as the

Chairman of the Executive Commission.• The national government was re-named as the

Central Administrative Organization, composed of six departments: Interior; Finance; Justice; Agriculture and Commerce; Education, Health and Public Welfare; and Public Works and Communications.

• The departments was headed by a Commissioner.

January 29, 1942• Council of State was created as an advisory body.

CENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION

Chairman of the Executive Commission

Interior Justice Finance Agriculture andCommerce

Education, HealthAnd Public Welfare

Public Works andCommunications

JAPANESE ADVISERS

Council of State

EDUCATIONAL RE-ORIENTATION

February 17, 1942• Military Order No.2; Japanese Educational

Policy -propagation of Filipino culture -dissemination of the principle of the Greater

East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere -spiritual rejuvenation of the Filipinos teaching and propagation of Nippongo

-diffusion of vocational and elementary education

-promotion of love labor

• The motive behind the educational policy was not only to create an atmosphere friendly to Japanese intentions and war aims, but also to erase the Western cultural influences.

• The Japanese Commander-in-Chief instructed the Commissioner of Education, Health and Public Welfare to reopen the schools to support the new educational policy.

• Priority was given to the reopening of elementary schools.

• Next to the elementary schools priority was given to the re-opening of vocational and normal schools, and those institutions of higher giving courses.

• Japanese military authorities did not reopen the law degree courses because they thought lawyers were useless.

March 31, 1942• Re-opening of public elementary schools

beginning in June 1942.

• The total enrolled in elementary grades as of March 1943 was 267,977.

October 14, 1943• Proclamation of the Japanese-sponsored

Republic

• President Jose P. Laurel added the fundamental principle of militant nationalism and encouraged the propagation of Tagalog as the national language by using it as the official language.

• He also required that majority of the governing board of any school, college or university be Filipino citizens.