Spanish 2 Grammar BookCatalina VivlamoreSpanish 2H period 2

Contents1. Ser2. Estar3. Verbs Like Gustar4. Hacer Expressions5. Preterite Tense6. Trigger Words7. -Car, -Gar, -Zar8. Spock Verbs9. Cucaracha Verbs

10. Snakes y Snakeys11. DOPS12. IOPS13. Commands14. Irregular Commands15. Se Impersonal

Contents– Part 2

16.Past Participles as Adjectives17.El Futuro18.Imperfect Tense/Trigger Words19.Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns20.Informal Commands21.Modal Verbs22.Reflexive Pronouns/Reflexive Verbs23.Saber vs. Conocer

Ser• “Permanent” form of “To Be” (Compare

ESTAR)• A good way to remember is DOCTOR PED:•D: Descriptions (¿Qué es?)•O: Origin (de) (¿De dónde es?)•C: Characteristics (¿Como es?)•T: Time ¿(Qué hora es?)•O: Occupation (¿Qué hace?)•R: Relationships (¿Quién es?)•P: Possession (de) (¿De quién es?)•E: Events (¿Cuando/Dónde es?)•D: Dates (¿Qué día es hoy/Cual es la fecha de

hoy?)

Ejemplos y Tabla• Es un calendario.• Soy de Costa Rica.• Tú eres rubio.• Son las seis y media.• La mujer es abogada.• Son mis hermanas.• Esto es el dinero de Pepe.• La fiesta es jueves.• Mi cumpleaños es

miércoles. La fecha es el veintiséis de enero dos mil once.

Soy Somos

Eres Sois (solo en España)

Es Son

Estar•“Temporary” form of “To Be” (Compare SER)•A good way to remember is HELPING:•H: Health (Cómo estás)•E: Emotions (Cómo estás)•L: Location (en) (Dónde estás)•P: Present Condition (Cómo Está)• I:•N:•G:

Gerunds:-ar-> -ando-er/ir -> -iendo o –yendo(Qué estás haciendo?)

Ejemplos y Tabla

•Está bien hoy.•Estoy nerviosa.•Estamos en la

cocina.•El cielo está

nublado.•Estás ayudando.•Estoy

escribiendo.•Están leyendo.

Estoy Estamos

Estás Estáis(solo en España)

Está Están

Verbs Like Gustar• Gustar: To be pleasing to/To like• Fascinar: To fascinate• Molestar: To bother• Encantar: To love/be enchanted by• Faltar: To lack/be in need of• Importar: To be important to• Disgustar: To not be pleasing to/To dislike• Aburrir: To bore• Indirect object pronouns are necessary! (Me,

nos, te, os, le, les)• The IOPS always come before the verb!

Ejemplos

•Dancing is pleasing to me; I like dancing: Me gusta bailar.

•David dislikes apples; Apples are not pleasing to David: A David le disgustan manzanas.

•He bothers you. Él le molesta.

Hacer Expressions

•Hacer expressions tell how long ago something happened.

•At this level, be more concerned with the present tense expression.

Present Tense

•“Since”•“For”

Preterite Tense

•“Ago”

Ejemplos

•Present Tense: “I have lived in Spain for two years.”• Hace dos años que vivo en España.

•Present Tense: “It has been an hour since I took the test.”• Hace una hora que tomo el examen.

•Past Tense: “I lived in Spain two years ago.” Hace dos años que viví en España.

Preterite Tense

• Regular -ar Verbs: • Regular –er/-ir Verbs

-é -amos

-aste -asteis

-ó -aron

A definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending

-í -imos

-iste -isteis

-ió -ieron

Ejemplos• I slept. • Dormí.

• You wrote. • Escribiste.

• We ate. • Comimos.

• He spoke. • Él habló.

• They learned.• Aprendieron.

Preterite Trigger Words• These words signal an

upcoming preterite tense verb:

• Ayer (yesterday)• Anteayer (day before

yesterday)• A las *ocho* (at *eight*

o’clock)• El *miércoles* (on

*Wednesday*)• El día anterior (the day

before)• El *lunes* pasado (last

*Monday*)• El *fin de semana* (last

*weekend*)• Ayer por la mañana

(yesterday morning)

• El otro día (the other day)• Una vez (one time/once)• Esta *tarde* (this

afternoon)• Entonces (then)• Desde el primer momento

(from the first moment)• Durante *dos siglos*

(during *two centuries*)• En ese momento (in that

moment/then)• Hace *dos días* que (*two

days* ago)▫ See “Hacer

Expressions.”

-Car, -Gar, -Zar

•The first group of irregular preterite verbs.

•It only changes in the first person tense.•This group pertains to verbs ending in –

car, -gar, or –zar.Verbs ending in -Car

•-qué

Verbs ending in –Gar

•-gué

Verbs ending in –Zar

•-cé

Examples:

Infinitive: Conjugation:

Tocar Toqué

Jugar Jugué

Comenzar Comencé

Spock Verbs•Ir, ser, dar, ver, y hacer.•Another grouping of irregular preterite

verbs.

Hacer

Ir/ser

Dar/ver

Tablas

Ir/Ser

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteis

Fue Fueron

Dar/Ver

(d/v)i (d/v) imos

(d/v)iste (d/v)isteis

(d/v)io (d/v)ieron

Hacer

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste Hicisteis

Hizo Hicieron

Cucaracha Verbs

•A third grouping of irregular preterite verbs.

•A way to remember their conjugations is to sing them to the tune of “La Cucaracha.”

•For the verbs “conducir,” “producir,” and “traducir,” drop the “i” in –ieron in the third person plural tense.

Tabla y EjemplosAndar Anduv-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Querer Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venir Vin-

Conducir Conduj-

Producir Produj-

Traducir Traduj-

Decir Dij-

Traer Traj-

-e -imos

-iste -isteis

-o -ieron •“I walked.” • Anduve.

• “You could.”• Pudiste.

•“She knew.”• Ella supo.

•“We had.”• Tuvimos.

•“You all brought.”• Trajisteis.

•“They translated.”• Produjeron.

Snakes and Snakeys

•The last groupings of irregular preterite verbs.

•In the “snakes” group, there is a stem change in the third person.

•In the “snakeys” group, the “i” changes to a “y” in the third person. These verbs usually have double vowels in infinitive form.

Tablas

Dormí Dormimos

Dormiste Dormisteis

Durmió Durmieron

Snakes:

Pedí Pedimos

Pediste Pedisteis

Pidió Pidieron

Dormir Pedir

Snakeys:

Leí Leímos

Leíste Leísteis

Leyó Leyeron

Leer

DOPS (Direct Object Pronouns)• DOPS tell what receives the action of the verbs.• In only 3 instances can a DOP hook onto the end of

the verb: • The verb is an infinitive.• The verb is an affirmative command.• The verb is a gerund or a present progressive verb.

• If the DOP can hook onto the end of the verb, an accent mark must be added to the syllable of the verb that will retain the original sound of the original verb.

• A DOP can NEVER hook onto a negative command, a conjugated present tense verb, or a conjugated preterite tense verb!

Tabla y Ejemplos•“I am going to eat

it.”▫Voy a comerlo.

•“Say it!” ¡Háblalo!

•We are drinking it. Estamos

bebiéndolo.•They saw it.

▫Lo vieron.

Me Nos

Te Os

Lo/La Los/Las

IOPS (Indirect Object Pronouns)

•Tells “for whom” or “for what.”•There must be a DOP for there to be an

IOP!•An IOP and a DOP cannot both begin with

an “l,” so the IOP “le” ends up with the DOPS “lo” or “la,” change the “le” to “se.”

•The IOP always comes before the DOP.•The same rules as the DOP apply to the

IOP for attaching them to the end of a verb.

Tabla y Ejemplos•“I gave it to her.”

Se lo di.•“Give it to me!”

¡Démelo!•“They gave it to

you.”▫Te lo dieron.

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

* There is no feminine -distinguishing IOP for the third person tense.

Regular Commands

•Put the verb in “yo” form and change to the opposite vowel.

•Do this for both affirmative and negative commands.

•Add the “n” at the end for a plural command.

-ar •-e

-er/-ir •-a

Ejemplos

•“Speak!”• ¡Hable!

•“Dance!”• ¡Baile!

•“Dogs, don’t speak!”• Perros, ¡No hablen!

•“Don’t dance!”• ¡No baile!

Irregular Commands• A mnemonic device is “TVDISHES.”T: Tener- Tenga/TenganV: Venir- Venga/VenganD: Dar- Dé/DenI: Ir- Vaya/VayanS: Saber- Sepa/SepanH: Hacer- Haga/HaganE: Estar- Esté/Estén S: Ser- Sea/Sean• “Ver” is also irregular, and it conjugates to “vea”

and “vean.”

Ejemplos

•“Do your homework!•¡Haga tu tarea!•“Be happy!”•¡Esté feliz!•“Know this for the test!”•¡Sepa esto para el examen!•“You two, don’t go there!”•¡No vayan allí!

Se Impersonal

• Use “Se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

• When using “se,” the verb is always in the third person.

• “Se” can be used in all tenses.• Ejemplos:

▫Se vende fruta en la frutería.▫Aquí se habla español.

Past Participles as Adjectives

•Past participles as adjectives take a verb and turn it into an adjective

•-AR verb endings change to –ADO•-ER verb endings change to –IDO•Concordance in gender and number is

mandatory!EX: Singular Plural

Masculine El pollo comido Los pollos comidos

Feminine La manzana comida

Las manzanas comidas

Irregular Past Participles as Adjectives

•Abrir: Abierto•Cubrir: Cubierto•Decir: Dicho•Escribir: Escrito•Hacer: Hecho•Morir: Muerto

•Poner: Puesto•Resolver: Resuelto•Romper: Roto•Ver: Visto•Volver: Vuelto•Ir: Ido

La puerta abiertaEl gato muertoLas historias escritasLos vidrios rotos

El Futuro

•I, you, he, she, we, they WILL•No conjugation is needed! Just stick the

ending onto the infinitive!•No matter the verb ending, all

conjugations are the same!-é -emos

-ás -éis

-á -án

El Futuro Irregulars y Ejemplos• Decir: Dir-• Hacer: Har-• Poner: Pondr-• Salir: Saldr-• Tener: Tendr-• Valer: Valdr-• Venir: Vendr• Poder: Podr-• Querer: Querr-• Saber: Sabr-• Caber: Cabr-• Haber: Habr-

• I will go to the store.• Iré a la tienda.

•She will buy a necklace. • Comprará un collar.• We will have our own

cars.• Tendremos nuestros

propio autos.• You will want a gift.• Querrás un regalo.

Imperfect Tense

•Used to describe past activities in a different way, it is an IMPERFECTED ACTION in the past. There is no definite beginning or ending.

•It is like a movie; preterite tense is like a photo.-aba -abamos

-abas -abais

-aba -aban

-ía -íamos

-ías -íais

-ía -ían

-AR Verbs -ER/IR Verbs

Imperfect Tense Irregulars

•There are only 3 irregulars, and never any stem changes

Iba Íbamos

Ibas Ibais

Iba Iban

Era Éramos

Eras Erais

Era Eran

Veía Veíamos

Veías Veías

Veía Veían

Ir

Ver

Ser

Imperfect Trigger Words

•Todos los dias•Mientras•Los lunes, martes

(etc.)•Siempre•Muchas veces•Cada

dia/mes/noche/año

• Imperfect tense is used for:

1. Habitual/repeated actions

2. Events/actions that were in progress

3. Physical characteristics4. Mental/emotional states5. Time-telling6. Age

Demonstrative Adjectives• This: Este• That: Ese• That one over there: Aquel

Este/This

Singular Plural

Masculine

Este Estos

Feminine Esta Estas

Aquel Singular Plural

Masculine Aquel Aquellos

Feminine Aquella AquellasEse/That

Singular Plural

Masculine

Ese Esos

Feminine Esa Esas

Demonstrative Pronouns

•Same as adjectives, but can be used alone

Este/This

Singular Plural

Masculine

Este Estos

Feminine Esta Estas

Ese/That

Singular Plural

Masculine

Ese Esos

Feminine Esa Esas

Aquel Singular Plural

Masculine Aquel Aquellos

Feminine Aquella Aquellas

Informal Commands

•For positive tú commands, simply drop the “s” of the tú form!

•For negatives, put in yo, change the vowel, and add an “s.”

•Irregular positives: Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven

•Irregular negatives: digas, hagas, vayas, pongas, salgas, seas, tengas, vengas

Ejemplos

•Write!▫¡Escribe!

•Don’t write!▫¡No escribas!

•Be nice!▫¡Sé simpático!

•Don’t be mean!▫¡No seas antipático!

Modal Verbs

•Used to help verbs change their meaning•They pair up with infinitives•Only conjugate the modal verb•Ir+a+infinitive= to be going to do

something•Poder+infinitive= to be able to do

something•Querer+infinitive= to want to do

something•Deber+infinitive= to should do something•Tener+que+infinitive= to have to do

something

Reflexive Verbs• Reflects the action of the verb back to the subject• If a verb acts on something other than the subject,

use non-reflexive verb form• If verb acts on subject, use reflexive verb form• Acostarse (oue)• Afeitarse• Bañarse• Cepillarse• Ducharse• Llamarse• Ponerse• Vestirse (ei)

Me Nos

Te Os

Se Se

Saber vs. Conocer• Saber is used to express knowledge of

information.▫ I know the capital of Spain.

Sé el capital de España.• Conocer is used to express knowledge of a

person.▫She knows my mother.

Sabe mi madre.• They are both irregular yo verbs, so saber

changes to sé in yo, and conocer changes to conozco in yo form.