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Spanish 2 Grammar Book— First Semester Catalina Vivlamore Spanish 2H period 2

Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

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Page 1: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Spanish 2 Grammar Book—First SemesterCatalina VivlamoreSpanish 2H period 2

Page 2: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Contents1. Ser2. Estar3. Verbs Like Gustar4. Hacer Expressions5. Preterite Tense6. Trigger Words7. -Car, -Gar, -Zar8. Spock Verbs9. Cucaracha Verbs

10. Snakes y Snakeys11. DOPS12. IOPS13. Commands14. Irregular Commands15. Se Impersonal

Page 3: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Ser• “Permanent” form of “To Be” (Compare

ESTAR)• A good way to remember is DOCTOR PED:•D: Descriptions (¿Qué es?)•O: Origin (de) (¿De dónde es?)•C: Characteristics (¿Como es?)•T: Time ¿(Qué hora es?)•O: Occupation (¿Qué hace?)•R: Relationships (¿Quién es?)•P: Possession (de) (¿De quién es?)•E: Events (¿Cuando/Dónde es?)•D: Dates (¿Qué día es hoy/Cual es la fecha de

hoy?)

Page 4: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Ejemplos y Tabla• Es un calendario.• Soy de Costa Rica.• Tú eres rubio.• Son las seis y media.• La mujer es abogada.• Son mis hermanas.• Esto es el dinero de Pepe.• La fiesta es jueves.• Mi cumpleaños es

miércoles. La fecha es el veintiséis de enero dos mil once.

Soy Somos

Eres Sois (solo en España)

Es Son

Page 5: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Estar•“Temporary” form of “To Be” (Compare SER)•A good way to remember is HELPING:•H: Health (Cómo estás)•E: Emotions (Cómo estás)•L: Location (en) (Dónde estás)•P: Present Condition (Cómo Está)• I:•N:•G:

Gerunds:-ar-> -ando-er/ir -> -iendo o –yendo(Qué estás haciendo?)

Page 6: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Ejemplos y Tabla

•Está bien hoy.•Estoy nerviosa.•Estamos en la

cocina.•El cielo está

nublado.•Estás ayudando.•Estoy

escribiendo.•Están leyendo.

Estoy Estamos

Estás Estáis(solo en España)

Está Están

Page 7: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Verbs Like Gustar• Gustar: To be pleasing to/To like• Fascinar: To fascinate• Molestar: To bother• Encantar: To love/be enchanted by• Faltar: To lack/be in need of• Importar: To be important to• Disgustar: To not be pleasing to/To dislike• Aburrir: To bore• Indirect object pronouns are necessary! (Me,

nos, te, os, le, les)• The IOPS always come before the verb!

Page 8: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Ejemplos

•Dancing is pleasing to me; I like dancing: Me gusta bailar.

•David dislikes apples; Apples are not pleasing to David: A David le disgustan manzanas.

•He bothers you. Él le molesta.

Page 9: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Hacer Expressions

•Hacer expressions tell how long ago something happened.

•At this level, be more concerned with the present tense expression.

• “Since”• “For”Present

Tense• “Ago”Preterite

Tense

Page 10: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Ejemplos

•Present Tense: “I have lived in Spain for two years.”• Hace dos años que vivo en España.

•Present Tense: “It has been an hour since I took the test.”• Hace una hora que tomo el examen.

•Past Tense: “I lived in Spain two years ago.” Hace dos años que viví en España.

Page 11: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Preterite Tense

• Regular -ar Verbs: • Regular –er/-ir Verbs

-é -amos

-aste -asteis

-ó -aron

A definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending

-í -imos

-iste -isteis

-ió -ieron

Page 12: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Ejemplos• I slept. • Dormí.

• You wrote. • Escribiste.

• We ate. • Comimos.

• He spoke. • Él habló.

• They learned.• Aprendieron.

Page 13: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Preterite Trigger Words• These words signal an

upcoming preterite tense verb:

• Ayer (yesterday)• Anteayer (day before

yesterday)• A las *ocho* (at *eight*

o’clock)• El *miércoles* (on

*Wednesday*)• El día anterior (the day

before)• El *lunes* pasado (last

*Monday*)• El *fin de semana* (last

*weekend*)• Ayer por la mañana

(yesterday morning)

• El otro día (the other day)• Una vez (one time/once)• Esta *tarde* (this

afternoon)• Entonces (then)• Desde el primer momento

(from the first moment)• Durante *dos siglos*

(during *two centuries*)• En ese momento (in that

moment/then)• Hace *dos días* que (*two

days* ago)▫ See “Hacer

Expressions.”

Page 14: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

-Car, -Gar, -Zar

•The first group of irregular preterite verbs.

•It only changes in the first person tense.•This group pertains to verbs ending in –

car, -gar, or –zar.• -quéVerbs

ending in -Car

• -guéVerbs

ending in –Gar

• -céVerbs

ending in –Zar

Examples:

Infinitive: Conjugation:

Tocar Toqué

Jugar Jugué

Comenzar Comencé

Page 15: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Spock Verbs•Ir, ser, dar, ver, y hacer.•Another grouping of irregular preterite

verbs.

Hacer

Ir/ser

Dar/ver

Page 16: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Tablas

Ir/Ser

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteis

Fue Fueron

Dar/Ver

(d/v)i (d/v) imos

(d/v)iste (d/v)isteis

(d/v)io (d/v)ieron

Hacer

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste Hicisteis

Hizo Hicieron

Page 17: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Cucaracha Verbs

•A third grouping of irregular preterite verbs.

•A way to remember their conjugations is to sing them to the tune of “La Cucaracha.”

•For the verbs “conducir,” “producir,” and “traducir,” drop the “i” in –ieron in the third person plural tense.

Page 18: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Tabla y EjemplosAndar Anduv-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Querer Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venir Vin-

Conducir Conduj-

Producir Produj-

Traducir Traduj-

Decir Dij-

Traer Traj-

-e -imos

-iste -isteis

-o -ieron •“I walked.” • Anduve.

• “You could.”• Pudiste.

•“She knew.”• Ella supo.

•“We had.”• Tuvimos.

•“You all brought.”• Trajisteis.

•“They translated.”• Produjeron.

Page 19: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Snakes and Snakeys

•The last groupings of irregular preterite verbs.

•In the “snakes” group, there is a stem change in the third person.

•In the “snakeys” group, the “i” changes to a “y” in the third person. These verbs usually have double vowels in infinitive form.

Page 20: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Tablas

Dormí Dormimos

Dormiste Dormisteis

Durmió Durmieron

Snakes:

Pedí Pedimos

Pediste Pedisteis

Pidió Pidieron

Dormir Pedir

Snakeys:

Leí Leímos

Leíste Leísteis

Leyó Leyeron

Leer

Page 21: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

DOPS (Direct Object Pronouns)• DOPS tell what receives the action of the verbs.• In only 3 instances can a DOP hook onto the end of

the verb: • The verb is an infinitive.• The verb is an affirmative command.• The verb is a gerund or a present progressive verb.

• If the DOP can hook onto the end of the verb, an accent mark must be added to the syllable of the verb that will retain the original sound of the original verb.

• A DOP can NEVER hook onto a negative command, a conjugated present tense verb, or a conjugated preterite tense verb!

Page 22: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Tabla y Ejemplos•“I am going to eat

it.”▫Voy a comerlo.

•“Say it!” ¡Háblalo!

•We are drinking it. Estamos

bebiéndolo.•They saw it.

▫Lo vieron.

Me Nos

Te Os

Lo/La Los/Las

Page 23: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

IOPS (Indirect Object Pronouns)

•Tells “for whom” or “for what.”•There must be a DOP for there to be an

IOP!•An IOP and a DOP cannot both begin with

an “l,” so the IOP “le” ends up with the DOPS “lo” or “la,” change the “le” to “se.”

•The IOP always comes before the DOP.•The same rules as the DOP apply to the

IOP for attaching them to the end of a verb.

Page 24: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Tabla y Ejemplos•“I gave it to her.”

Se lo di.•“Give it to me!”

¡Démelo!•“They gave it to

you.”▫Te lo dieron.

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

* There is no feminine -distinguishing IOP for the third person tense.

Page 25: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Regular Commands

•Put the verb in “yo” form and change to the opposite vowel.

•Do this for both affirmative and negative commands.

•Add the “n” at the end for a plural command. • -e-ar

• -a-er/-ir

Page 26: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Ejemplos

•“Speak!”• ¡Hable!

•“Dance!”• ¡Baile!

•“Dogs, don’t speak!”• Perros, ¡No hablen!

•“Don’t dance!”• ¡No baile!

Page 27: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Irregular Commands• A mnemonic device is “TVDISHES.”T: Tener- Tenga/TenganV: Venir- Venga/VenganD: Dar- Dé/DenI: Ir- Vaya/VayanS: Saber- Sepa/SepanH: Hacer- Haga/HaganE: Estar- Esté/Estén S: Ser- Sea/Sean• “Ver” is also irregular, and it conjugates to “vea”

and “vean.”

Page 28: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Ejemplos

•“Do your homework!•¡Haga tu tarea!•“Be happy!”•¡Esté feliz!•“Know this for the test!”•¡Sepa esto para el examen!•“You two, don’t go there!”•¡No vayan allí!

Page 29: Spanish 2 grammar book—first semester

Se Impersonal

• Use “Se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

• When using “se,” the verb is always in the third person.

• “Se” can be used in all tenses.• Ejemplos:

▫Se vende fruta en la frutería.▫Aquí se habla español.