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Imperialism and Expansion
Beyond Westward Expansion
We are a great imperial Republic destined to exercise a controlling influence upon the actions of mankind and to affect the future of the world.”
-Influential newspaper editor Henry Wallace, 1894
Mass Immigration
Population Explosion
The Modern and Civilizedvs.
The Ancient and Primitive
TWO WORLDS
“Dwellings used by cannibals”
Portland – 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition
Problem:
1893 Depression
Problem:
“The Frontier is Closed”
Frederick Jackson Turner
Problem:
Surplus of Goods
Solutions:
1) Expand borders
2) Build a canal to improve trade
3) Catch up with other empires
4) Tap into new market / Open door policy
Economic Problems
The Open-Door PolicyThree* Groups
1) Imperialist = expansion
2) Anti-Imperialists = non-expansion
3) Third group = oppose traditional colonialism but favor economic expansion. Businessmen, politicians, intellectuals. “informal empire”
*????????????
Tough Guys“I want my war!”
A.T. Mahan
• Naval Dominance
Henry Cabot Lodge
• Social Darwinist
Theodore Roosevelt
• War was natural
“The great nations are rapidly absorbing…all the waste places of the earth. It is a movement which makes for civilization and the advancement of the race. As one of the great nations of the world, the United States must not fall out of the line of march”
-Henry Cabot Lodge
Social Darwinism•Survival of the “fittest” humans
•Eugenics
Scientific Racism - Skulls measurements “proved” superiority
“By the nearly unanimous consent of anthropologists this type [the pure Negro of central Africa] occupies the lowest position in the evolutionary scale…The attempt to suddenly transform the Negro mind by foreign culture must be as futile as the attempt would be to suddenly transform his physical type.”-
Encyclopedia Britannica, 1884
The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s BurdenBy: Rudyard Kipling, 1899 Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.
The Monroe Doctrine - 1823A U.S. foreign policy. It stated that efforts by European nations to interfere in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.
Hawaii
Lydia LiliuokalaniQueen of Hawaii
1891 - 1893
Sanford B. DolePresident of Hawaii
1894-1900
The Spanish American War - 1898Reasons to go to war with Spain:
1.To protect and liberate Cuba2.To protect US businesses3.To sell newspapers4.To spread Christian civilization5.“Be a MAN. Don’t let Spain taunt us.”6.Spain “attacked” us
Efforts at Cuban Independence
Cuban Revolt(s)•1868, 79, 83, 85, 92, 93
Jose MartiMaximo Gomez
General Valeriano Weyler•Reconcentrados
Jose Marti, Cuban national hero
Reconcentrados
USS Maine
USS Maine
REMEMBER THE MAINEMusic by Frank A. Bush
Down in Havana Harbor our good ship Maine was lying: Beneath the decks all were at rest, wakeful ones for home were sighing. Sent on a peaceful mission, no one suspected harm, For each one trusted the "Stars and Stripes" as a safeguard from all But hark! from below comes a loud, sudden pealing, alarm. And then an explosion that lights up the sky; Then when o'er the bay again silence comes stealing, Two hundred brave lads disappear without a cry.
Refrain. We'll never forget the sad events of that night. Our lads were killed, with no chance to fight; The foul deed was done by treach'rous Spain. That's why America fought and avenged the Maine.
Newspapers Influence WarHearst vs. Pulitzer• Yellow Journalism = Sensationalized• Death Sells
http://www.humboldt.edu/~jcb10/spanwar.shtml
HUNGRY, FRANTIC FLAMES. They Leap Madly Upon the Splendid Pleasure Palace by the Bay of Monterey, Encircling Del Monte in Their Ravenous Embrace From Pinnacle to Foundation. Leaping Higher, Higher, Higher, With Desperate Desire. Running Madly Riotous Through Cornice, Archway and Facade. Rushing in Upon the Trembling Guests with Savage Fury. Appalled and Panic-Striken the Breathless Fugitives Gaze Upon the Scene of Terror. The Magnificent Hotel and Its Rich Adornments Now a Smoldering heap of Ashes.
Headlines from the Spanish American War
– "Spain's Minister Insults The American President" – "The Worst Insult to the United States in its History"– “Cuban Babes Prey to Famine; Thousands of Children of the Reconcentrados
Perishing in Island Towns; Sights that Sicken Strong Men”– “Crisis at Hand, Growing Spanish Treachery.”– "Refined Young Women Stripped and Searched by Brutal Spaniards While Under
Our Flag”
The End of the War: Cuba
“A Splendid Little War”
Teller Amendment - 1898
• No annexation of Cuba
Platt Amendment - 1903
•The US can intervene whenever is sees necessary
House keys?
The End of the War: Treaty of Paris• Spain gets $20 million• Spain gives:• Cuba “Independence” • Puerto Rico • Guam • Philippines
• Also, US gets Guantanamo Bay
The Philippines:Independence of Annexation?