แผนการจั�ดการเร�ยนร �เพื่��อพื่�ฒนาทั�กษะการพื่ ดภาษาอ�งกฤษกลุ่��มสาระการเร�ยนร �ภาษาต่�างประเทัศวิ#ชาภาษาอ�งกฤษ ช�&นม�ธยมศ(กษาป)ทั�� 2

Unit: Interest/opinionTopic: Famous People

สมาช#ก1. นางสาวิพื่#ก�ลุ่ศร� ด#ษฐเจัร#ญ 53010513004

2. นางสาวิศ�ณิ#ษา ดอนเต่าเหลุ่.ก 53010513043

3. นางสาวิกมลุ่วิรรณิ หาญบุ�ร�ษ 53010513048

ส�งคร�&งทั�� 2 วิ�นทั�� 20 ม#ถุ�นายน 2556

แผนการจั�ดการเร�ยนร �เพื่��อพื่�ฒนาทั�กษะการพื่ ด

กลุ่��มสาระการเร�ยนร �ภาษาต่�างประเทัศ วิ#ชาภาษาอ�งกฤษ ช�&นม�ธยมศ(กษาป)ทั�� 2

Unit: Interest/opinionTopic : Famous People

วิ�นทั��สอน วิ�นทั�� .........เด�อน............................

พื่.ศ. .................

1. จั�ดประสงค2การเร�ยนร �

1.นั�กเรี�ยนัสามารีถรีะดมความค�ดเพื่��อพื่�ดถ�งบุ�คคลที่��ม�ชื่��อเส�ยงที่��ตนัรี� �จั�กได� ( while speaking//Act 1// famous person )2.นั�กเรี�ยนัสามารีถบุรีรียายมบุ�คล�กภาพื่มอาชื่�พื่มและแสดงความค�ดเห็%นัเก��ยวก�บุบุ�คคลที่��ม�ชื่��อเส�ยง ( while speaking// Act 2// Talk about the famous people )3.l นั�กเรี�ยนัสามารีถพื่�ดอธิ�บุายตามรี�ปภาพื่ของบุ�คคลที่��ม�ชื่�� อเส�ยงภายในัเวลาใชื่�เวลาถ 1r นัาที่�โดยใชื่�ที่�กษะการีค�ดแบุบุม�ว� จั า รี ณ ญ า ณ ( post speaking//Act 3//Do you know them? )4.l นั�กเรี�ยนัสามารีถแสดงบุที่บุาที่สมมต�เก��ยวก�บุชื่�ว�ตผู้��ม�ชื่�� อเส�ยงเพื่��อให็�ผู้��อ��นัเข�าใจัในัเรี��องรีาวของตนัเองได�โดยใชื่�ที่�กษะการีค�ดอย/างม�เห็ต�ผู้ล (post listening//Act 4//who are you?)

2. ต่�วิช�&วิ�ด

ต.1.1.1.1 ม. 2 ปฏิ�บุ�ต�ตามค1าขอรี�อง ค1าแนัะนั1า ค1าชื่�2แจังและค1าอธิ�บุายง/ายๆ ที่��ฟั5งและอ/านั

ต.1.1.1.4 ม. 2 เล�อกห็�วข�อเรี��องใจัความส1าค�ญ บุอกรีายรีะเอ�ยดสนั�บุสนั�นั ( supporting detail ) และแสดงความค�ดเห็%นัเก��ยวก�บุเรี��องที่��ฟั5งและอ/านัพื่รี�อมที่�2งเห็ต�ผู้ลและยกต�วอย/างง/ายๆปรีะกอบุ

ต.1.1.2.4 ม.2 พื่�ดและเข�ยนัเพื่��อขอและให็�ข�อม�ล บุรีรียายและแสดงความค�ดเห็%นัเก��ยวก�บุเรี��องที่��ฟั5งห็รี�ออ/านัอย/างเห็มาะสมต.1.1.2.5 ม.2 พื่�ดและเข�ยนัแสดงความรี� �ส�ก และความค�ดเห็%นัของตนัเองเก��ยวก�บุเรี��องต/างๆ ก�จักรีรีมและปรีะสบุการีณ6พื่รี�อมที่�2งให็�เห็ต�ผู้ลปรีะกอบุอย/างเห็มาะสมต.1.1.3.1 ม. 2 พื่�ดและเข�ยนับุรีรียายเก��ยวก�บุตนัเอง ก�จัว�ตรีปรีะจั1าว�นั ปรีะสบุการีณ6และข/าว/เห็ต�การีณ6ที่��อย�/ในัความสนัใจัของส�งคมต.2.2.1.1 ม. 2 ใชื่�ภาษา นั12าเส�ยง และก�รี�ยาที่/าที่าง เห็มาะก�บุบุ�คคลและโอกาสตามมารียาที่ที่างส�งคมและว�ฒนัธิรีรีมของเจั�าของภาษา

3. เน�&อหา Vocabulary : acting , excellent , kidding , famous , imaginary , admire , military , leader, popularity, award, personality, profiles

Structure : Past Simple ( S + V2 )

Example : - I was at the movies.( Subject = I ) ( Past Verb = was )- He was born in India in 1869.( Subject = He ) ( Past Verb = born )

4. ส��อการเร�ยนร �

1. Power point เก��ยวก�บุ The famous people

2. ว�ด�โอเรี��อง Famous People

3. กรีะดาษบุรี� 8ฟั

4. ปากาเมจั�ก5. บุอรี6ดให็�ความรี� �เก��ยวก�บุ Text

6.กรีะดาษ A4

7. รี�ปภาพื่ Famous People

5. ก#จักรรมการเร�ยนร �

Teacher Classroom language

Student Classroom

language

Pre-Speaking ( 30 นาทั� )1.ครี�ถามค1าถามเพื่��อนั1าเข�าส�/บุที่เรี�ยนั 2. ครี�เป9ด VDO เก��ยวก�บุ the famous people ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัด�- ครี�ถามค1าถามเก��ยวก�บุ VDO3.ครี�แจัก text 1 ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัที่�กคนัแล�วเป9ด Power point อธิ�บุายค1าศั�พื่ที่6และการีนั1าไปใชื่� ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัฟั5งและออกเส�ยงตาม 4. ครี�ที่บุที่วนัค1าศั�พื่ที่6เพื่��อตรีวจัสอบุความเข�าใจัของนั�กเรี�ยนัโดยถามค1าถามนั�กเรี�ยนัด�งนั�2- What is the vocabulary of this picture?- Which one is the acting?

5. ครี�แจัก text 2 แล�วอธิ�บุายโครีงสรี�างไวยากรีณ6จัาก Power

point ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัฟั5งและที่1าความเข�าใจั 6. ครี�ตรีวจัสอบุความเข�าใจัในัโครีงสรี�างไวยากรีณ6โดยการีถามค1าถามนั�กเรี�ยนั ด�งนั�2- ครี�เป9ด power

I have some question to ask you before we strat to learn about the famous people.-Who is your favorite famous people?- Do you admire him/her?- I have question to ask you about VDO- What is the VDO about? -I will give you the text. It is about structure. I will teach you all vocabulary. After that I will check your understand by asking the question.- What is the vocabulary of this picture?- Which one is the acting?

Next I will teach you about structure and ask you some question for check your understand. - How many people are there in this audio sound?

1. นั�กเรี�ยนัด�ว�ด�โอเรี��อง Famous

people นั1าเข�าส�/บุที่เรี�ยนั 2.นั�กเรี�ยนัตอบุค1าถามครี� 3. นั�กเรี�ยนัรี�บุ text

1 จัากครี� พื่รี�อมก�บุฟั5งและออกเส�ยงตาม

4.นั�กเรี�ยนัที่บุที่วนัค1าศั�พื่ที่6และที่1าก�จักรีรีม Vocabulary game เพื่��อที่ดสอบุความเข�าใจัโดยบุอกค1าศั�พื่ที่6จัากรี�ปภาพื่พื่รี�อมยกต�วอย/างปรีะกอบุ 5.นั�กเรี�ยนัรี�บุ text 2

จัากครี� ฟั5งและที่1าความเข�าใจั

6. นั�กเรี�ยนัที่1าก�จักรีรีม Structure

game เพื่��อที่ดสอบุความเข�าใจัไวยากรีณ6

I see…………………………….The VDO shows about………….

- It is a famous. (etc.)- That is picture.

- There are two people in this audio sound.

- There are two people in this audio sound.- Mahatma Gandhi

point ที่��ม�รี�ปปรีะโยคของ past simple

แล�วให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัรีะบุ�ว/า Subject Verb และค1าที่��บุงชื่�2ถ�งอด�ต เชื่/นั She want to University yesterday

7.ครี�เป9ดบุที่สนัที่นัา เรี��อง Famous

People ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัฟั5ง 2 รีอบุ

8. ครี�ถามนั�กเรี�ยนัเก��ยวก�บุเรี��องที่��ฟั5งเพื่��อตรีวจัสอบุความเข�าใจั

* ครี�แนัะนั1า speaking

strategies ให็�แก/นั�กเรี�ยนัด�งนั�21. ที่�กษะการีค�ดแบุบุม�ว�จัารีณญาณ (Act. 2 , 3 )2. ที่�กษะการีค�ดแบุบุใชื่�เห็ต�ผู้ล(Act. 4 )

While-Speaking ( 20 นาทั� ) Activity1: ( 10

Next I will turn on the audio sound “ famous people ” twice. Then I have some question to ask you. - How many people this story?- What is the movie that she saw?

- Make a group of six people.

- You have to brainstorming about the famous people and tell “who is the person”.

- You can write as much as you can think.

7. นั�กเรี�ยนัฟั5งบุที่สนัที่นัาเรี��อง Famous People และที่1าความเข�าใจั

8. นั�กเรี�ยนัตอบุค1าถามจัากเรี��องที่��ฟั5ง

1. นั�กเรี�ยนัแบุ/งกล�/มๆละ 6 คนั

2. นั�กเรี�ยนัฟั5งครี�อธิ�บุายก�จักรีรีม

3. นั�กเรี�ยนัที่1าก�จักรีรีม 4. นั�กเรี�ยนัตรีวจัสอบุและแก�ไข ตามที่��ครี�แนัะนั1า 5. นั�กเรี�ยนัออกมานั1า

- My famous person is Pablo Picasso. He was a famous artist. He was born in Spain. He lived and worked in France. I admire him because he created many great painting and sculptures.

s v Past time

นาทั� ) “Famous person” 1.ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัแบุ/งกล�/มๆละ 6 คนั

2.ครี�อธิ�บุายข�2นัตอนัการีที่1าก�จักรีรีม ด�งนั�2 - ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัที่�กกล�/มชื่/วยก�นัรีะดมความค�ดเก��ยวก�บุบุ�คคลที่��ม�ชื่��อเส�ยงให็�ได�มากที่��ส�ด- จัากนั�2นัเข�ยนัสรี�ปรีายชื่��อที่��ได�แล�วออกมานั1าเสนัอห็นั�าชื่�2นั3. ครี�ให็�เวลานั�กเรี�ยนัที่1าก�จักรีรีม4. ครี�ตรีวจัสอบุและแก�ไขความผู้�ดพื่ลาดของภาษา 5. ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัที่�กกล�/มออกมานั1าเสนัอห็นั�าชื่�2นัเรี�ยนั6. ครี�ตรีวจัและให็�คะแนันั

Activity 2: ( 10 นาทั� ) Talk about your famous person 1. ครี�แจัก Task 2 ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัที่�กค�/

- When you finish you have to present it.

I will check your answer.

- I will give you task 2

- From in to groups of famous people. Then choose one person who is you like the most.- and talk about your famous person. - Who is the person?- Why is the person famous?- What else do you know about the person?- Do you admire him or her?- Why or why not?

- After that you have to

เสนัอ ห็นั�าชื่�2นัเรี�ยนั

1. นั�กเรี�ยนัรี�บุ Task

2 จัากครี�2. นั�กเรี�ยนัฟั5งครี�อธิ�บุายก�จักรีรีม

3. นั�กเรี�ยนัที่1าก�จักรีรีมและออกมานั1าเสนัอห็นั�าชื่�2นัเรี�ยนั4. นั�กเรี�ยนัตรีวจัสอบุและแก�ไขตามที่��ครี�แนัะนั1า

1. นั�กเรี�ยนัแบุ/งกล�/มๆละ 4 คนั

- He is Simon Bolivar. We call him EL Libertador. He was a great leader. He fought for freedom in South America.

2 ครี�อธิ�บุายก�จักรีรีมให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัฟั5ง

ด�งนั�2 - ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัชื่/วยก�นัจั�ดกล�/มผู้��ที่��ม�ชื่��อเส�ยงแต/ละด�านัและอธิ�บุายเก��ยวก�บุล�กษณะของบุ�คคลแต/ละด�านั

- ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัแต/ละค�/เล�อกบุ�คคลที่��ชื่อบุที่��ส�ดมา 1 คนั และพื่�ดอธิ�บุายเก��ยวก�บุบุ�คคลนั�2นัโดยใชื่�ที่�กษะการีค�ดอย/างม�ว�จัารีณญาณ

3. ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัเตรี�ยมต�วเพื่��อออกมา present ห็นั�าชื่�2นัเรี�ยนั4. ครี�ตรีวจัสอบุและแก�ไขความถ�กต�องของภาษา 5. ครี�ให็�คะแนันัและปรีะเม�นัการีพื่�ด

Post-Speaking ( 30 นาทั� )Activity3: ( 15 นาทั� ) Do you know them?1. ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัแบุ/ง

present fort of the class with your partner.

- Make a group of 4 people.- You have to learn about the famous person that I choose for you already.

- After that I have activity for you that is “ Do you know them ”

-I will open the famous face on the power point.I will ask you “Who is them?” What is she/he doing?Where is him/her?

Which group can answer the question first will get the point.

2. นั�กเรี�ยนัฟั5งครี�อธิ�บุายก�จักรีรีม- นั�กเรี�ยนัที่1าก�จักรีรีม

3. นั�กเรี�ยนัที่1าก�จักรีรีม

4. นั�กเรี�ยนัตรีวจัสอบุและแก�ไขตามที่��ครี�แนัะนั1า

1. นั�กเรี�ยนัจั�บุค�/2. นั�กเรี�ยนัที่1าก�จักรีรีม

3. นั�กเรี�ยนัศั�กษาคนัม�ชื่��อเส�ยงที่��ตนัเล�อก

This picture is……………………………

- I want to be Princess Diana.- I want to be Mozart.A : Hi , what your name?B : My name is Princess Diana.A : What your name?B : ………………………A : ………………………

กล�/มๆละ 4 คนั 2. ครี�อธิ�บุายก�จักรีรีม ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัฟั5ง 3. ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัด� VDO เก��ยวก�บุ The famous people- ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัเล/นัเกม Do you know them? ด�งนั�2(* ใชื่�กรีะบุวนัการีค�ดอย/างม�ว�จัารีณญาณ )

- ครี�เป9ดใบุห็นั�าผู้��ม�ชื่��อเส�ยงให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัด�ในั power point- ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัแต/ละกล�/มยกม�อเพื่��อตอบุค1าถาม กล�/มไห็นัยกม�อ

ก/อนัเป;นักล�/มที่��ได�ตอบุค1าถาม- ในัการีตอบุค1าถามให็�ตอบุว/า เขาเป;นัใครี ที่1าอะไรี ที่��ไห็นั ภายในัเวลา 1 นัาที่�- ห็ากตอบุเก�นัเวลาที่��ก1าห็นัดถ�อว/าไม/ได�คะแนันัและให็�นั�กเรี�ยนักล�/มอ��นัตอบุ 4. ครี�ตรีวจัสอบุและแก�ไขข�อผู้�ดพื่ลาด 5. ครี�ปรีะเม�นัที่�กษะการีพื่�ดคล/องแคล/ว

I will give you just 1 minute for each picture. If you can’t answer you will lose point.

Work in pair.- Learn about your famous person that you got from me.

- I will give you two person.( one famous person for one people )

- Think that you are the person and make conversation for introduce yourself with your pair.

- Practice conversation with your partner and present fort of the class.

และสมม�ตต�ต�วเองว/าเป;นับุ�คคลนั�2นั

4. นั�กเรี�ยนัแสดงบุที่บุาที่สมม�ตต�5. นั�กเรี�ยนัเตรี�ยมต�วและออกไปพื่�ดบุที่สนัที่นัาห็นั�าชื่�2นัเรี�ยนั6. นั�กเรี�ยนัตรีวจัสอบุและแก�ไขตามที่��ครี�แนัะนั1า

Activity 4: ( 15 นาทั� ) Who are you? 1.ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัที่1างานัเป;นัค�/ 2. ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัแต/ละค�/เล�อกบุ�คคลที่��ม�ชื่��อเส�ยงมา 2 คนัแล�วให็�แต/ละคนัเล�อกว/าใครีจัะแสดงเป;นับุ�คคลใด3. ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัแต/งบุที่สนัที่นัาเพื่��อแสดงบุที่บุาที่สมม�ตต� ตรีงตามล�กษณะของบุ�คคลนั�2นั- แสดงให็�เห็%นัว/าเขาเป;นัใครี- เขาที่1าอะไรี / ที่��ไห็นั / อย/างไรี(* ใชื่�ที่�กษะการีค�ดอย/างม�เห็ต�ผู้ล)

4. ครี�ให็�เวลานั�กเรี�ยนัเตรี�ยมต�วเพื่��อออกไปพื่�ดบุที่สนัที่นัาห็นั�าชื่�2นัเรี�ยนั5. ครี�ให็�นั�กเรี�ยนัแต/ละค�/ออกมานั1าเสนัอห็นั�าชื่�2นัเรี�ยนั6. ครี�ตรีวจัสอบุและแก�ไขความถ�กต�องของภาษา 7. ครี�ส�งเกตและ

ปรีะเม�นัโดยใชื่�แบุบุปรีะเม�นัการีแสดงบุที่บุาที่สมมต�

6. การวิ�ดผลุ่ประเม#นผลุ่

ก#จักรรมทั��จัะประเม#น วิ#ธ�ประเม#น เคร��องม�อประเม#น

Activity1: Famous person Activity 2: Talk about your famous person Activity 3: Do you know them Activity 4: Who are you

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References:

Vocabulary

- http://www.thefreedictionary.com/

* Picture- https://www.google.co.th/imghp?hl=th&tab=wi&authuser=0&q=article

Structure

-http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html

Course book

Susan Stempleski,(2007).New York : Oxford university press

Speaking strategies- Strategies for Developing Speaking Skills http://www.nclrc.org/essentials/speaking/stratspeak.htm

-Teaching Speaking Developing Speaking Activities http://www.nclrc.org/essentials/speaking/developspeak.htm

- Using Creative Strategies to Promote Students’ Speaking Skills

http://marifa.hct.ac.ae/files/2011/07/Using-Creative-Strategies-to-Promote-Students-Speaking-Skills.pdf

Text 1Vocabulary

Acting (n.) The art or occupation of performing fictional roles in plays, films, or television.

Excellence (n.)The quality of being outstanding or extremely good.

Kidding Deceive (someone) in a playful way.

Famous (n.)Known about by many people.

Imaginary (adj.)existing only in the imagination ใ

Admire (v.)Look at (something impressive or attractive) with pleasure.

Military (adj.)Relating to or characteristic of soldiers

or armed forces.

Leader (n.)The person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country the leader of a protest group.

- http://www.thefreedictionary.com/

* Picture- https://www.google.co.th/imghp?hl=th&tab=wi&authuser=0&q=article

Text 3Structure

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:I saw a movie yesterday.I didn't see a play yesterday.Last year, I traveled to Japan.Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.Did you have dinner last night?She washed her car.He didn't wash his car.

Use of Simple Pastaction in the past taking place once, never or several timesExample: He visited his parents every weekend.

actions in the past taking place one after the otherExample: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.

action in the past taking place in the middle of another actionExample: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

if sentences type II (If I talked, …)Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.

Forms

With most verbs the past tense is formed by adding -ed:

call >> called; like >> liked; want >> wanted; work >> worked

But there are a lot of irregular past tenses in English. Her are the most common irregular verbs in English, with their past tenses:

infinitive irregular past

bebeginbreakbringbuybuildchoosecomecostcutdodrawdriveeatfeelfindgetgivegohavehearholdkeepknowleaveleadletlielosemakemean

was/werebeganbrokebroughtboughtbuiltchosecamecostcutdiddrewdroveatefeltfoundgotgavewenthadheardheldkeptknewleftledletlaylostmademeant

Text 3

Conversation

 

A : Hello?B : Hi. It’ s Ben. I called you last night, but you weren’t home.A : I was at the movies.B : Oh, really? What did you see?A : Gandhi. It’ s an old movie about Mahatma Gandhi.B : Was is good?A ; Yeah, the story and the acting were excellent.B : And what did you learn about Gandhi.A : Well, he was born in India in 1869. And his real name wasn’t Mahatma Gandhi. It was Mohandas Gandhi.B : No kidding. Tell me more.

Task 1 ( Act. 1 )Direction : - Make a group of six people.

- Brainstorming about the famous people and tell “who is the person”.

Example

Task 2 ( Act. 2 )

Direction : - talk about your famous person.

-What is their group? - Who is the person? - After that you have to present fort of the class with your partner.

Actors Actress Singer

ExampleActors Actress Singer

Robert De Niro Julia Roberts Elton JohnNicolas Cage Angelina Jolie Elvis Presley

Al Pacino Nicole Kidman Michael JacksonBrad Pitt Anne Hathaway Pink Floyd

Who is the famous person that t you like?He is ……………We call him EL Libertador. He was a great leader. He fought for freedom in South America. And he…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 3 ( Act. 3 )

Direction : - Make a group of 4 people.- After that I have activity for you that is “ Do you know them ”- I will open the famous face on the power point.- I will ask you “Who is them?” What is she/he doing?- Where is him/her? Which group can answer the question first will get the point.- I will give you just 1 minute for each picture. If you can’t answer you will lose point.

Task 4 ( Act. 4 )

Direction : - Work in pair. - Choose your famous person.( one famous person for one people ) - Think that you are the person and make conversation for showing your role play to introduce yourself with your pair. - Practice conversation with your partner and present fort of the class.

Example

A : I want to be Princess Diana.B : I want to be Mozart.

A : Hi , what your name?B : My name is Princess Diana.A : What your name?B : …………………………….A : …………………………….

Teaching Speaking

Strategies for Developing Speaking Skills

Students often think that the ability to speak a language is the product of language learning, but speaking is also a crucial part of the language learning process. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies -- using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language -- that they can use to help themselves expand their knowledge of the language and their confidence in using it. These instructors help students learn to speak so that the students can use speaking to learn.

1. Using minimal responses

Language learners who lack confidence in their ability to participate successfully in oral interaction often listen in silence while others do the talking. One way to encourage such learners to begin to participate is to help them build up a stock of minimal responses that they can use in different types of exchanges. Such responses can be especially useful for beginners.

Minimal responses are predictable, often idiomatic phrases that conversation participants use to indicate understanding, agreement, doubt, and other responses to what another speaker is saying. Having a stock of such responses enables a learner to focus on what the other participant is saying, without having to simultaneously plan a response.

2. Recognizing scripts

Some communication situations are associated with a predictable set of spoken exchanges -- a script. Greetings, apologies, compliments, invitations, and other functions

that are influenced by social and cultural norms often follow patterns or scripts. So do the transactional exchanges involved in activities such as obtaining information and making a purchase. In these scripts, the relationship between a speaker's turn and the one that follows it can often be anticipated.

Instructors can help students develop speaking ability by making them aware of the scripts for different situations so that they can predict what they will hear and what they will need to say in response. Through interactive activities, instructors can give students practice in managing and varying the language that different scripts contain.

3. Using language to talk about language

Language learners are often too embarrassed or shy to say anything when they do not understand another speaker or when they realize that a conversation partner has not understood them. Instructors can help students overcome this reticence by assuring them that misunderstanding and the need for clarification can occur in any type of interaction, whatever the participants' language skill levels. Instructors can also give students strategies and phrases to use for clarification and comprehension check.

By encouraging students to use clarification phrases in class when misunderstanding occurs, and by responding

positively when they do, instructors can create an authentic practice environment within the classroom itself. As they develop control of various clarification strategies, students will gain confidence in their ability to manage the

various communication situations that they may encounter outside the classroom. Teaching Speaking

Deloping Speaking Activities

Traditional classroom speaking practice often takes the form of drills in which one person asks a question and another gives an answer. The question and the answer are structured and predictable, and often there is only one correct, predetermined answer. The purpose of asking and answering the question is to demonstrate the ability to ask and answer the question.

In contrast, the purpose of real communication is to accomplish a task, such as conveying a telephone message, obtaining information, or expressing an opinion. In real communication, participants must manage uncertainty about what the other person will say. Authentic communication involves an information gap; each participant has information that the other does not have. In addition, to achieve their purpose, participants may have to clarify their meaning or ask for confirmation of their own understanding.

To create classroom speaking activities that will develop communicative competence, instructors need to incorporate a purpose and an information gap and allow for multiple forms of expression. However, quantity alone will not necessarily produce competent speakers. Instructors need to combine structured output activities, which allow for error correction and increased accuracy, with communicative output activities that give students opportunities to practice language use more freely.

Structured Output Activities

Two common kinds of structured output activities are information gap and jigsaw activities. In both these types of activities, students complete a task by obtaining missing information, a feature the activities have in common with real communication. However, information gap and jigsaw activities also set up practice on specific items of language. In this respect they are more like drills than like communication.

Information Gap Activities

Filling the gaps in a schedule or timetable: Partner A holds an airline timetable with some of the arrival and departure times missing. Partner B has the same timetable but with different blank spaces. The two partners are not permitted to see each other's timetables and must fill in the blanks by asking each other appropriate questions. The features of language that are practiced would include questions beginning with "when" or "at what time." Answers would be limited mostly to time expressions like "at 8:15" or "at ten in the evening."

Completing the picture: The two partners have similar pictures, each with different missing details, and they cooperate to find all the missing details. In another variation, no items are missing, but similar items differ in appearance. For example, in one picture, a man walking along the street may be wearing an overcoat, while in the other the man is wearing a jacket. The features of grammar and vocabulary that are practiced are determined by the content of the pictures and the items that are missing or different. Differences in the activities depicted lead to practice of different verbs. Differences in number, size, and shape lead to adjective practice. Differing locations would probably be described with prepositional phrases.

These activities may be set up so that the partners must practice more than just grammatical and lexical features. For example, the timetable activity gains a social dimension when one partner assumes the role of a student trying to make an appointment with a partner who takes the role of a professor. Each partner has pages from an appointment book in which certain dates and times are already filled in and other times are still available for an appointment. Of course, the open times don't match exactly, so there must be some polite negotiation to arrive at a mutually convenient time for a meeting or a conference.

Jigsaw Activities

Jigsaw activities are more elaborate information gap activities that can be done with several partners. In a jigsaw activity, each partner has one or a few pieces of the "puzzle," and the partners must cooperate to fit all the pieces into a whole picture. The puzzle piece may take one of several forms. It may be one panel from a comic strip or one photo from a set that tells a story. It may be one sentence from a written narrative. It may be a tape recording of a conversation, in which case no two partners hear exactly the same conversation.

In one fairly simple jigsaw activity, students work in groups of four. Each student in the group receives one panel from a comic strip. Partners may not show each other their panels. Together the four panels present this narrative: a man takes a container of ice cream from the freezer; he serves himself several scoops of ice cream; he sits in front of the TV eating his ice cream; he returns with the empty bowl to the kitchen and finds that he left the container of ice cream, now melting, on the kitchen counter. These pictures have a clear narrative line and the partners are not likely to disagree about the appropriate sequencing. You can make the task more demanding, however, by using pictures that lend themselves to alternative sequences, so that the partners have to negotiate among themselves to agree on a satisfactory sequence.

More elaborate jigsaws may proceed in two stages. Students first work in input groups (groups A, B, C, and D) to receive information. Each group receives a different part of the total information for the task. Students then reorganize into groups of four with one student each from A, B, C, and D, and use the information they received to complete the task. Such an organization could be used, for example, when the input is given in the form of a tape recording. Groups A, B, C, and D each hear a different

recording of a short news bulletin. The four recordings all contain the same general information, but each has one or more details that the others do not. In the second stage, students reconstruct the complete story by comparing the four versions.

With information gap and jigsaw activities, instructors need to be conscious of the language demands they place on their students. If an activity calls for language your students have not already practiced, you can brainstorm with them when setting up the activity to preview the language they will need, eliciting what they already know and supplementing what they are able to produce themselves.

Structured output activities can form an effective bridge between instructor modeling and communicative output because they are partly authentic and partly artificial. Like authentic communication, they feature information gaps that must be bridged for successful completion of the task. However, where authentic communication allows speakers to use all of the language they know, structured output activities lead students to practice specific features of language and to practice only in brief sentences, not in extended discourse. Also, structured output situations are contrived and more like games than real communication, and the participants' social roles are irrelevant to the performance of the activity. This structure controls the number of variables that students must deal with when they are first exposed to new material. As they become comfortable, they can move on to true communicative output activities.

Communicative Output Activities

Communicative output activities allow students to practice using all of the language they know in situations that resemble real settings. In these activities, students must

work together to develop a plan, resolve a problem, or complete a task. The most common types of communicative output activity are role plays and discussions .

In role plays, students are assigned roles and put into situations that they may eventually encounter outside the classroom. Because role plays imitate life, the range of language functions that may be used expands considerably. Also, the role relationships among the students as they play their parts call for them to practice and develop their sociolinguistic competence. They have to use language that is appropriate to the situation and to the characters.

Students usually find role playing enjoyable, but students who lack self-confidence or have lower proficiency levels may find them intimidating at first. To succeed with role plays:

Prepare carefully: Introduce the activity by describing the situation and making sure that all of the students understand it

Set a goal or outcome: Be sure the students understand what the product of the role play should be, whether a plan, a schedule, a group opinion, or some other product

Use role cards: Give each student a card that describes the person or role to be played. For lower-level students, the cards can include words or expressions that that person might use.

Brainstorm: Before you start the role play, have students brainstorm as a class to predict what vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic expressions they might use.

Keep groups small: Less-confident students will feel more able to participate if they do not have to compete with many voices.

Give students time to prepare: Let them work individually to outline their ideas and the language they will need to express them.

Be present as a resource, not a monitor: Stay in communicative mode to answer students' questions. Do not correct their pronunciation or grammar unless they specifically ask you about it.

Allow students to work at their own levels: Each student has individual language skills, an individual approach to working in groups, and a specific role to play in the activity. Do not expect all students to contribute equally to the discussion, or to use every grammar point you have taught.

Do topical follow-up: Have students report to the class on the outcome of their role plays.

Do linguistic follow-up: After the role play is over, give feedback on grammar or pronunciation problems you have heard. This can wait until another class period when you plan to review pronunciation or grammar anyway.

Discussions, like role plays, succeed when the instructor prepares students first, and then gets out of the way. To succeed with discussions:

Prepare the students: Give them input (both topical information and language forms) so that they will have something to say and the language with which to say it.

Offer choices: Let students suggest the topic for discussion or choose from several options. Discussion does not always have to be about serious issues. Students are likely to be more motivated to participate if the topic is television programs, plans for a vacation, or news about mutual friends. Weighty topics like how to combat pollution are not as engaging and place heavy demands on students' linguistic competence.

Set a goal or outcome: This can be a group product, such as a letter to the editor, or individual reports on the views of others in the group.

Use small groups instead of whole-class discussion: Large groups can make participation difficult.

Keep it short: Give students a defined period of time, not more than 8-10 minutes, for discussion. Allow them to stop sooner if they run out of things to say.

Allow students to participate in their own way: Not every student will feel comfortable talking about every topic. Do not expect all of them to contribute equally to the conversation.

Do topical follow-up: Have students report to the class on the results of their discussion.

Do linguistic follow-up: After the discussion is over, give feedback on grammar or pronunciation problems you have heard. This can wait until another class period when you plan to review pronunciation or grammar anyway.

Through well-prepared communicative output activities such as role plays and discussions, you can encourage students to experiment and innovate with the language, and create a supportive atmosphere that allows them to make mistakes without fear of embarrassment. This will contribute to their self-confidence as speakers and to their motivation to learn more.

Using Creative

Strategies to Promote

Students’ Speaking Skills

This paper describes an investigation that was conducted over the course of my finalyear teaching practice placement in a Girls’ Primary School in Fujairah. The research

was carried out in a classroom of twenty Grade Five Arabic-speaking girls whereEnglish is taught as a foreign language. I decided to investigate the teaching ofspeaking, and this topic was chosen because I noticed over the four years of teachingpractice placements in my degree program that reading and writing skills are mostlyemphasized in EFL classrooms in Emirati state schools, but speaking and listening arelargely ignored.In addition, English language teachers in state schools in the United Arab Emirates(UAE) tend to give priority to finishing the course book, and they do not concentrate onspeaking activities that much. Furthermore, students do not have the opportunity tocommunicate in English because Arabic-speaking parents, family and friends surroundthem, so I decided to engage these ten and eleven year old students in communicativeactivities that would improve their speaking, specifically by using songs and puppets.Research questionsMy preliminary investigation in the first semesterrevealed that teachers regard teachingspeaking as a waste of time, and therefore it is a neglected skill, as they feel pressuredto finish the course book. In addition, teachers do not use interesting activities topractise speaking; therefore students perform badly in this skill. I decided to implementsome creative strategies to develop students’ speaking skills, based on the use ofsongs and puppets, and to find out the effect of these activities on students’ spokenlanguage, on their motivation, and on their participation in class.My research questions were as follows:

o To what extent do songs and puppets improve speaking?o What is the effect of using songs and puppets on students’ motivation to speak?o What effects do songs and puppets have on students' participation?Literature ReviewThe skill of speaking skill is as crucial as any other language skill. The four skills(reading, writing, speaking and listening) naturally appear together in every Englishclass, even in the EFL context. As Peregoy and Boyle (2001) state, “Listening,speaking, reading and writing also occur naturally together in learning events in schoolat all grade levels, even though traditionally they were taught separately” (p. 107). Inaddition, Shumin (1997) states that learning to speak a foreign language requires morethan knowing its grammar and vocabulary. Learners should acquire the skill throughinteraction with each other. However, it is difficult for EFL learners to speak appropriateEnglish in the classroom because of the limited language use in their real lives.Using Creative Strategies to Promote Students’ Speaking Skills112Affective factors are the most important issues that may promote students’ speaking.Affective factors include self esteem, emotion, attitude, anxiety, and motivation. Shuminbelieves that “L2 or foreign language learning is a complex task that is susceptible tohuman anxiety, which is associated with feelings of uneasiness, frustration, self doubt,and apprehension” (1997, para. 2). These are the factors that affect students’ speakingin most EFL contexts and there are other issues as well. For example, the language

level may be too difficult, or too much is given at once and the amount of the languagethe teacher gives the students in each session may be too much, according to Shumin(1997).Motivating Students to SpeakTo motivate students in EFL contexts, teachers should include many activities andstrategies that attract students’ attention and make them interested in the lesson. AsPeck (1978), cited in Celce-Murcia (2001), states “Activities need to be child centeredand communication should be authentic. This means that children are listening orspeaking about something that interests them, for their own reasons, and not merelybecause a teacher has asked them to” (1978, p.139). Also, Peck (1978), cited in CelceMurcia (2001, p.139), outlines some points that the teacher should consider in theactivities: a focus on meaning and value, not correctness; a focus on collaboration andsocial development; the provision of a rich context, and teaching the four skills througha variety of activities. A superior teacher encourages her/his students to speak Englishas much as possible inside and outside the classroom.EFL teachers must encourage students to use language for social interaction in theclassroom. Brown (1994) advocates that students get enough opportunities to practisethe language. This helps them to acquire the language in more natural contexts.Through interaction, students can build their own conversations and create meaningthat they understand, and that supports and helps them. Krashen & Terrel (as cited in

Lightbown&Spada, 1999)find that communication provides students with opportunitiesfor them to focus on using the language rather than talking and learning the structure ofthe language. Therefore, the topics or themes around which students learn languageshould capture their attention and encourage them to interact more with each other.Teachers’ emphasis should be on making meaning, not on error correction.Strategies that Encourage ParticipationThe strategies the teacher should focus on should be interesting and should capturestudents’ attention. In the young learners’ classroom, these activities are usuallycentred on songs, poems, chants, drama, stories, games and Total Physical Response(TPR) activities.All these activities can affect young learners and enhance theirlearningthe language. Deesri (2002) believes that many teachers consider games as merely funactivities that are a waste of time, but he states that games in the EFL context are muchmore than that. He believes that games include many factors such as rules,competition, relaxation, and learning which are all useful in promoting speaking. Gamesare useful because they offer situations that lower students’ stress and give studentschances to engage in real communication. It is asserted that students are encouragedMona Khameis113when they have friendly competition with each other, so each student will participate inthe classroom. Consequently, teachers can use these games to present and reviewnew knowledge, vocabulary, and grammar. Games are good teaching tools that can be

used to develop students’ language learning and practise communication.Teachers should take into consideration that songs can develop language skills, andbring enjoyment and fun into the classroom. As Schoepp (2001, Para. 8) suggests "Theenjoyment aspect of learning language through songs is directly related to affectivefactors." The affective filter is one of the five hypotheses that Krashen presents.Krashen (as cited in Schoepp, 2001, Para. 6) explains that for optimal learning to occurthe affective filter must be weak. A weak filter means that a positive attitude towardslearning is present. Schoepp (2001, Para. 6) adds that songs are one of the methodsthat achieve a weak affective filter and promote language learning, and can be used topresent a topic; practice language; stimulate discussion of attitude and feelings; providea comfortable atmosphere and bring variety and fun to learning.In addition, using puppets helps students to interact with each other. As Gronna, Serna,Kennedy and Prater (1999, Para.1) believe, puppets can be used to teach the languagefunctions and the social skills of greeting, responding to conversation, and initiatingconversation. Using puppets in the classroom is one of the ways to encourage studentsto learn English. Ozdeniz (2000, Para. 9) has stated that "Puppets can encourage yourstudents to experiment more with the language and "have a go" when they may haveotherwise remained silent." In EFL classrooms students are not comfortable and feelhesitant to speakEnglish because they are not sure of the words.So as Ozdeniz (2000,Para. 9) states, "when a child speaks through the puppet, it is not the child who is

perceived as making errors but the puppet, and children find this liberating."The strategies the teacher uses can be fun and enjoyable, and at the same timeachieve academic goals. Teachers should choose activities that enhance studentslearning, and avoid ones that are a waste of teachers’ and students’ time. Good &Brophy (2000, p. 30) state that "learning should be fun and motivation problems appearbecause the teacher somehow has converted an inherently enjoyable activity intodrudgery."It can therefore be concluded that interesting and fun strategies can be usedto promote speaking in the EFL classroom. According to Brown (1994), if strategies areintrinsically motivating and appeal to students’ goals and interests then it can have apositive impact on their speaking.The Teaching StrategyI decided to implement the use of songs and puppets as everyday activities toencourage students to speak about the set themes in their course book of “Days andDates” and “It’s Fun”. The students sang the songs that I created, which were relatedto the units, as warming up activities. For each unit I created one or two songs, songswhich were based on the language structures and vocabulary of the unit. In addition, Ihad puppets made for each group that represented different characters e.g. grandma,grandpa, father, mother and daughter. Students used the puppets to talk, usingdialogues that they were given to practise and then present to their colleagues. Afterthat, the students had to create their own dialogues and practise them, and then presentUsing Creative Strategies to Promote Students’ Speaking Skills114

them to their classmates. The songs were used everyday during my teaching practiceplacement, and the puppets were used twice a week.Research ApproachMills has defined Action Research as "any systematic inquiry conducted by a teacher…in the teaching/ learning environment to gather information about how their particularschools operate, how they teach, and how well their students learn" (Mills, 2003, p.5).This makes it an ideal research approach for teachers as it gives them an opportunityto solve problems in the classroom. It inspired me and provided me with a frameworkto investigate the use of creative strategies to encourage students’ speaking, especiallythe use of songs and puppets. Action research is made up of a four step process:identifying an area of focus, collecting data, analysing and interpreting the data, anddeveloping an action plan, which is again evaluated, and the process continues until a