Sql Server 2000

SQL Server 2000SQL Server 2000

Copyright© 2002-2007. Mcube Investment Software Pvt Ltd, Bangalore India

Souvik Bhowmik

Contents

• Part 1

Basic Database Concepts• Part 2

Introduction to SQL Server• Part 3

Transact – SQL• Part 4

Advanced Transact – SQL

PART 1

Basic Database Concepts

Contents

• Database fundamentals• Relational Database Design Basics• Normal Forms• Relationships• Peek into SQL Server Database

Database Fundamentals

What is a Database ?

A Database is a repository for structured collection of Data/Records that provides a standard access method.

Important Objects used in Databases

Table – Set of Data Elements that is organized using a model of Rows and Columns.

Index – An Index is a data Structure that improves speed of Operation in a table.

Clustered

Non Clustured

Query – Standard language to fetch and store data.

Relational Design Basics

• Relational v/s Flat File Structure

CD No Artist Album Producer …. ……

---- ----- ---- ---- ---- ----

Relational

Artist

Album

Producer

Flat File

Relational Design Basics contd….

Entity – Relationship Model

ER model is a conceptual data model that views the real world as entities and relationships.

Entities - Entities are the principal data object about which information is to be collected. e.g. Employee, Department etc.

Attributes - Attributes describe the entity of which they are associated. A particular instance of an attribute is a value.

e.g. Employee can have attributes like Employee Name, Employee Number etc.

Relationships – Relationship represents an association between two or more entities.

Relational Design Basics contd….

Entity – Relationship Diagram

EmployeeDepartment

Employee IDDepartment ID

One Many

Manages

Entity Name

Attribute NameRelationship Name

Normal Form

First Normal Form

No Duplication of Data Within a Row

Room_No Student_1 Student_2 Student_3

8 Bob John Jack

11 Paul Brat Sam

Room_No Student

8 Bob

8 John

11 Paul

Each Row must have a unique identifier

ID Room No Student_ID

1 8 111

2 8 222

3 11 333

Normal Form contd…

Second Normal Form

First Normal Form No Duplication of Data Across Rows

Order No Date Shipper Address

111 1/1/07 ABC Shipping XYZ Street

222 1/1/07 ABC Shipping XYZ Street

Place Data in a separate Table and create a relationship to the data via a Foreign Key

11/1/07222

11/1/07111

Shipper No

Date Order No

XYZ StreetABC Shipping1

AddressNameShipper No

ASP.NET ArchitectureNormal Form contd…

Third Normal Form

First Normal Form and Second Normal Form. Data must be completely dependent on the Primary

Key.

Class ID Male Students Female Students Total

21 6 8 14

32 12 4 16

Relationships One to One

One to Many

Many to Many

Bob135

NameCustomer ID

32135

AgeCustomer ID

1 1

1136 1/1/07222

Bob135

NameCustomer ID

ABC Shipping1

NameShipper ID

1

1

Shipper ID

136

135

Customer ID

1/1/07111

1/1/07222

DateOrder No

1

Many

1

Many

Bob135

NameCustomer ID

ABC Shipping1

NameShipper ID

1

Shipper ID

135

Customer ID

1/1/07111

DateOrder No

1

Many

1

Many

11/1/07222

ABC Shipping1

NameShipper ID

11/1/07111

Date Shipper IDOrder No

1 Many

Peek into SQL Server Database

• SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Manager• SQL Query Analyzer

End of Part - 1

Q & A

Part 2

An Introduction to SQL Server

Contents

• Introduction to SQL Server• SQL Server Database• Database Objects• System Tables and Informational Views

Introduction to SQL Server

What is SQL Server ?SQL Server is a Server Side processing Relational Database.

All activities take place on the server side rather than the client side.MS Access is an example of a Client Side processing Database where all processing can be done only on the client side.

Client

Request

Response Server 1

Server n

SQL Server participating in an N-Tier Environment

Introduction to SQL Server contd…

Database Types

SQL Server supports 2 main types of Databases :

OLTP OLAP

OLTP – Data directly updated by Users.

OLAP – Data Migrated from OLTP Systems.

SQL Server Services MSSQLServer - Runs the whole SQL Server environment. SQLServerAGENT - Scheduling and Automating jobs. Microsoft Distributed Transaction coordinator - Transaction

across multiple servers. Microsoft Search - Supports Full Text Indexing. Allow us to do

searches against forms of words which isn't possible with a standard T-SQL query. Advanced string search capability.

SQL Server Databases

SYSTEM Database SAMPLE Database

TempDB Pubs

Northwind

Model

MSDBMaster

Master – Contains information about the whole SQL Server System including login accounts, configuration setting etc.

MSDB – SQL Server Agent Database. Stores Scheduling alerts, jobs, backups, and replication tasks.

Model – It is the Basic Template for all databases created on the System.

TempDB – Holds all temporary tables, cursors, stored procedures etc.

Database Objects

Tables

Constraints

Inde

xes Rules

Views

Defaults

Data Types

Stored Procedures Triggers

User Defined Functions

Database Objects

System Tables and Informational Views

To get info about the Views and Tables in Database query the following:

• Select * from Information_Schema.Tables• Select * from Information_Schema.Columns.

To see only tables use the following:

• Select * from Information_Schema.Tables where

Table_Type = ‘Base Table’

End of Part - 2

Q & A

Part 3

Transact – SQL

Contents

• What is Transact – SQL• Creating, Altering and Deleting Database• Creating, Altering and Deleting Table• SELECT keyword• JOIN Keyword• Inserting, Updating and Deleting Data.• Programming with Transact – SQL

What is Transact – SQL ?

• Transact-SQL (T-SQL) is a procedural programming language used for communicating with RDBMS.

• T-SQL are grouped into 4 categories:

Data Definition Language (DDL) Deals with defining database structures – Creating Table or

Index, dropping or modifying Objects.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)Manipulation of Data – INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Data Query Language (DQL)Deals with extracting data from Database – SELECT.

Data Control Language (DCL)SQL statements used to control permissions on database objects. Permissions are controlled using the GRANT and REVOKE

statements.

Creating, Altering, Dropping Database

• Creating Database

Create Database <Database_Name>ON(

NAME = ‘logical_file_name’,FILENAME = ‘OS_File_Name’(e.g c:\MyData\

SampleData.mdf),SIZE = size,MAXSIZE = max_size | UNLIMITED,FILEGROWTH = growth_increment

)LOG ON(

NAME = <log_file_name>,FILENAME = ‘C:\program files\MyData\mydatabaselog.ldf’,SIZE = 5MB,MAXSIZE = 25MB,FILEGROWTH = 5MB

)FILEGROUP filegroup_name < filespec >

Creating, Altering, Deleting Database contd…

• Altering Database

ALTER DATABASE database (

ADD FILE < filespec > | ADD LOG FILE < filespec >

| REMOVE FILE logical_file_name | MODIFY FILE < filespec > | MODIFY NAME = new_dbname

| ADD FILEGROUP filegroup_name | REMOVE FILEGROUP filegroup_name | MODIFY FILEGROUP filegroup_name {filegroup_property})

• Deleting database

drop Database <Database_Name>

Creating, Altering and Deleting Table

• Create Table

CREATE TABLE <Table_Name> (

Field1 int PRIMARY KEY,Field2 char(10) NOT NULL),Field3 datetime

)

• Alter Table

ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> ADD Field4 VARCHAR(10) NULL ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> DROP COLUMN Field4

• Deleting Table

DROP TABLE <Table_Name>

SELECT Keyword

• SELECT * FROM authors

• SELECT au_id, au_lname, au_fname FROM authors

• SELECT * FROM authors WHERE city = ‘Bangalore’

• SELECT DISTINCT zip from authors WHERE city = ‘Bangalore’

• SELECT au_lname + ‘ ’ + au_fname FROM authors.

• SELECT au_lname + ‘ ’ + au_fname + ‘ ’ + phone FROM authors.

//ERROR – Data Type Mismatch.

JOIN Keyword

JOIN statements allow to combine data in multiple tables to quickly and efficiently process large quantities of data.

5 Types of JOINS

INNER JOIN LEFT OUTER JOIN RIGHT OUTER JOIN FULL OUTER JOIN CROSS JOIN

Employee

EmpID EmpName DeptNo JobID Salary

1 Leo 100 10 1000

2 Bob 200 20 2000

3 Jeffrey NULL NULL 1500

Department

DeptNo DeptName

100 Production

200 Management

300 Engineering

Jobs

JobID JobDesc

10 Worker

20 Manager

30 Engineer

JOIN Keyword - INNER JOIN

• Example :

OLD STYLE

SELECT empid, empname, salary, E.deptno, deptname

FROMEmployees AS E,

Departments AS DWHEREE.deptno = D.deptno

empid empname salary deptno deptname

1 Leo 1000 100 Production

2 Bob 2000 200 Management

NEW STYLE

SELECT empid, empname, salary, E.deptno, deptname

FROM Employees AS EINNER JOINDepartments AS D ON E.deptno = D.deptno

• INNET JOIN is a join of two tables that returns records for which there is a matching value in the field on which the tables are joined.

JOIN Keyword - OUTER JOIN

• In Outer Join besides returning matching rows from both tables, the rows from the preserved table that have no match in the other table are also returned, padded with NULLs instead of the values that were supposed to come from the other table.

Left Outer Join Right Outer Join Full Outer Join

JOIN Keyword - Left Outer Join

SELECT

*

FROM

Employees AS E,

Departments AS D

WHERE

E.deptno *= D.deptno

SELECT

*

FROM

Employees AS E

LEFT OUTER JOIN

Departments AS D

ON

E.deptno = D.deptno

Empid Empname JobID Salary Deptno Deptname

1 Leo 10 1000 100 Production

2 Bob 20 2000 200 Management

3 Jeffrey 30 1500 NULL NULL

• New Style• Old Style

JOIN Keyword - Right Outer Join

SELECT

*

FROM

Employees AS E,

Departments AS D

WHERE

E.deptno =* D.deptno

SELECT

*

FROM

Employees AS E

RIGHT OUTER JOIN

Departments AS D

ON E.deptno = D.deptno




NULL NULL NULL NULL 300 Engineering

• Old Style • New Style

JOIN Keyword - FULL Outer Join

SELECT

*

FROM

Employees AS E

FULL OUTER JOIN

Departments AS D

ON E.deptno = D.deptno




3 Jeffrey 30 1500 NULL NULL

NULL NULL NULL NULL 300 Engineering

JOIN Keyword - Cross Join

• A cross join produces a Cartesian product of the tables involved.

• It matches all the rows from one table to each of the rows in the other table.

• If no filter is used, the number of rows in the result set is the number of rows in one table multiplied by the number of rows in the other.

SELECT deptname, jobdesc FROM Departments CROSS JOIN Jobs

Deptname JobDesc

Production Worker

Management Worker

Engineering Worker

Production Manager

Management Manager

Engineering Manager

Inserting Updating and Deleting Data

INSERTThe INSERT command in SQL is used to add records to an existing table.

Insert into Employee values (4, ‘Jack’, 100, 30, 2000)

UPDATE

The UPDATE command can be used to modify information contained within a table, either in bulk or individually.

UPDATE Employee SET EmpName = ‘Greg’ where EmpId = 4

DELETE

Delete command is used to delete records from a table.

Delete from Employee where EmpName = ‘Greg’

Programming with Transact – SQL• Declaring T-SQL variables

DECLARE @FirstName varchar(25) DECLARE @Age int

• Assigning values to Variables

SET @FirstName = ‘Sam’SET @Age = 25

• SQL using Variables and Control Statements

Select * from Employee_Details where First_Name = @FirstName

SELECT First_Name, Suggestion = CASE AgeWHEN '25' THEN 'salary need to be updated'WHEN '22' THEN 'salary looks good'ELSE 'no suggestions‘ENDFROM Employee_Details

WHILE (SELECT SUM(Bonus) FROM Employee_Details) < 1000000BEGINUPDATE Employee_Details SET Bonus = Salary * 0.02END

Employee_Details

ID

First_Name

Last_Name

Age

Salary

Bonus

End of Part - 3

Q & A

Part 4

Advanced Transact - SQL

Contents

• Creating and Using Views• Creating and Using Constraints• Creating and Using Stored Procedures• Creating and Using Cursors• Creating and Using Triggers• Creating and Using Rules• Creating and Using User-Defined Functions

Creating and Using Views

• Views are saved SQL Statements.• It cannot store data. It can only refer to data present in tables.

CREATE VIEW <view name>[optional] WITH SCHEMABIND[optional] WITH ENCRYPTIONAS

<select statement>GO

• Creating a view with the SCHEMABINDING option locks the tables being referred by the view and prevents any changes that may change the table schema.

• If a view is created with ENCRYPTION option, Users will not be able to see the definition of the View after it is created. The view definition will be stored in an encrypted format in the system table named ‘syscomments’

• Views can be used to insert, update and delete data.• Cannot use order by in SELECT statement in VIEW.

Creating and Using Constraints

• Constraints define rules regarding the values allowed in columns and are the standard mechanism for enforcing integrity.

• 5 Types of Constraints NOT NULL CHECK UNIQUE PRMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

Create TABLE Employee(

emp_id int PRIMARY KEY, -- PRIMARY Key Constraint

emp_name varchar(20) NOT NULL, -- NOT NULL constraint

salary floatFOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Salary_Structure (emp_salary)ON DELETE NO ACTION|CASCADE, -- FOREIGN Key

Constraint

bonus float CHECK (bonus BETWEEN 10 and 10000) -- CHECK Constraint

)

Creating and Using Stored Procedures

• Stored Procedures are created using T_SQL

• SQL Server compiles each stored procedure once and then reutilizes the execution plan. This results in tremendous performance boosts when stored procedures are called repeatedly.

Create Procedure [dbo.][displayCurstomers](

@customer_id int)ASDECLARE @count_product intSELECT @count_product = count(product) from Customers WHERE Customerid = @customer_idRETURN @count_product

• Call the Stored Procedure as follows: dbo.displayCustomers <customer_id>

• A built-in security mechanism enables you to assign privileges for executing particular stored procedures.

Creating and Using Cursors

• Cursors are database objects used to manipulate data in a set on a row-by-row basis.

• We can fetch cursor rows and perform operations on them in a loop just like using any looping mechanism found in any other programming language.

• Following commands are used to execute a cursor:

DeclareOpenFetchUpdate/DeleteCloseDeallocate

Creating and Using Cursors contd…

Cursor Example - Using PUBS Database

DECLARE @FirstName VARCHAR(20)DECLARE @LastName VARCHAR(20)

DECLARE cur_California CURSOR FORSELECT au_lname,au_fname FROM authors WHERE state = 'CA' ORDER BY au_lnameOPEN cur_California

FETCH NEXT FROM cur_California INTO @FirstName, @LastName

WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0BEGINPRINT @LastName+ ',' + @FirstNameFETCH NEXT FROM cur_California INTO

@FirstName, @LastNameEND

CLOSE cur_CaliforniaDEALLOCATE cur_California

Creating and Using Triggers

• Trigger is a means to enforce business logic to Relational Database.

• Trigger executes automatically in response to some event.

• A trigger is created for a specific base table or view and cannot exist without one.

• Only an INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE event can fire a trigger.

• Triggers are of mainly 2 types AFTER (or FOR) INSTEAD OF

Creating and Using Triggers contd…

• Trigger Example

Create Trigger tri_MyTable ON MyTable For (or AFTER) INSERT|UPDATE|DETELE

AS

--- Code as per business logic

GO

Create Trigger tri_MyTable ON MyTable INSTEAD OF

INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE

AS

-- Code as per business logic

GO

Creating and Using Rules

• Rule is a database object bound to a column or user-defined data type that specifies what data can be entered in that column.

• Every time a user enters or modifies a value, SQL Server checks it against the most recent rule bound to the specified column.

Create Rule test_rule

AS

@range >= 1000 AND @range < 2000

• Bind a rule to a column or to a user-defined data type.i) EXEC sp_bindrule ' test_rule ','employees.[hire_date]‘

Here the data for the hire_date column in employee is

Checked against the given rule.ii) EXEC sp_bindrule ' test_rule ', ‘ssn’

Here ssn is a user-defined data-type

Creating and Using User-Defined Functions

• A user-defined function is a module attached to the Database.

• It can accept parameters and can also return values.

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.mult(

@num1 INT,@num2 INT

)RETURNS INTASBEGINRETURN (@num1 * @num2)END

End of Part - 4

Q & A

Education

Sql Server 2000