The Struggle Begins• Factors that led to Growth of Indian Nationalism

– Political, Administrative and Economic Unification of Country– Western Thought and Education– Role of Press and Literature– Rediscovery of India’s Past– Socio-Religious Reform Movements– Rise of Middle Class– Reactionary Policies of Lytton

• Reduction in Maximum age for ICS Examination from 21 years to 19 years

• Grand Delhi Durbar when the rest of the country was in Famine

• Vernacular Press act (1878)• Arms Act (1878)

Political Associations before INC– Bangabasha Prakasika Sabha – Associates of Raja Ram Mohan

Roy– Zamindari Association– Bengal British India Society– British Indian Association– East Indian Association (Dada Bhai Naoroji)– Indian League by Sisir Kumar Ghosh– Indian Association of Calcutta (Surendranath Banerjee and

Ananda Mohan Bose)– Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (MG Ranade)– Bombay Presidency Association ( Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah

Mehta, K.T. Kelang)– Madras Mahajan Sabha (Veeraghavchari, Subramaniam Aiyer,

Anandacharalu)

Pre Congress Campaigns• Imposition of Import Duty on Cotton• Indianisation of Government Services• Reduction in the Maximum age for ICS• Repeal of Vernacular Press act (1878) and Arms Act (1878)• Support of Ilbert Bill• Right to Join Volunteer Groups• Campaign in Britain to vote for Pro-India Party

INC- Aims and Objectives First Session of INC held in Dec 1885 at Bombay. Founded by A.O

Hume and supported by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose

Kadambini Ganguly- First Woman Graduate to address Congress Session

Aims and Objectives: Democratic and Nationalistic Movement Politically Educate People Develop National Unity Present the Demands of the People before the Government

Safety Valve Theory

Lightning Conductor Theory

Method of Moderates( 1885-1905)• INC dominated by Moderates in the Initial Period. Included Dada Bhai

Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Surendranath Banerjee ,M.G. Ranade etc• Basic Ideology of Moderates

– Contitutional Agitation– British Rule in India helpful– Presented demands to the British through prayers and petitions– Educate the Masses– Did not Involve the Common people in the Freedom Struggle

• Contribution of Moderates– Nurture and Develop INC– Awakening of the Masses– Separated Politics from Religion– Drain Theory

• Dada Bhai Naoroji (Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India)• M G Ranade (Essays in Indian Economics)• R C Dutt ( Economic History of India)

– No taxation without Representation– Indian Councils Act 1892